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高考英語:講究閱讀策略 識破廬山真面目

2007-12-11 12:39:48  來源:每日新報 文章作者:俞聲弟

  閱讀能力始終是高三孩子的首要和重要任務(wù),在具體的學(xué)習(xí)過程中,大家學(xué)習(xí)和掌握了大量的語法和句法知識,這是非常重要和必要的基礎(chǔ),但是仍有許多同學(xué)雖然掌握了相當?shù)脑~匯和語法知識,卻仍然對閱讀原文文章感到力不從心,常表現(xiàn)為:認識詞語,懂得句法結(jié)構(gòu),卻不理解其意,更不要提更深層次的內(nèi)涵和外延。閱讀行為本身并不等同于閱讀能力的培養(yǎng)。英語閱讀行為的多少并不完全等同于閱讀能力的強或弱。閱讀與理解,知識與能力并不完全相等。

  障礙閱讀效率的因素之一是閱讀心理障礙和閱讀觀念的錯誤。由于習(xí)慣了基礎(chǔ)階段字、詞、句、譯的初學(xué)模式,孩子們自然形成了一種比較固定的閱讀模式,即:詞語—句字—語法—翻譯—(答案),結(jié)果不僅閱讀速度慢,而且不能把握文章的主要脈絡(luò),更可怕的是忽略了整體理解,缺乏宏觀的英語閱讀能力。

  閱讀習(xí)慣和速度

  由于“求精”“求細”“求知識”的閱讀模式影響,不少孩子養(yǎng)成了一些不良閱讀習(xí)慣,這些不良閱讀習(xí)慣反過來制約了閱讀效率。這些不良習(xí)慣有:

  1.閱讀視幅(eye span)小

  閱讀視幅指眼睛每停留一次所能清晰地感知文字的廣度,視幅對閱讀的影響表現(xiàn)在兩個方面:一是每看一眼能看清字數(shù)的多少;二是眼睛定置的次數(shù)與時間的關(guān)系,好的讀者不會把單詞作為注視點逐字閱讀而是以意群為閱讀注視點,要想提高閱讀效率,需要克服小視幅的障礙,要在平時的閱讀中有意識地訓(xùn)練自己。

  2.聲讀或心讀

  聲讀是指在閱讀時喃喃自語地把每個單詞念出聲來,有時也可能是無聲地動動嘴唇,也有人稱其為唇讀。另一種較難察覺的聲讀形式是心讀,即在內(nèi)心想象著或默吟著每個單詞的發(fā)音,往往用手指著讀。這種聲讀或心讀很可能是早期英語學(xué)習(xí)時以發(fā)音閱讀為中心的學(xué)習(xí)方法和精讀中養(yǎng)成的閱讀習(xí)慣所導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果。這樣做不僅有礙閱讀速度,而且會過分依賴語言而易忽略語意,從而影響閱讀的廣度和深度。

  3.回讀

  回讀就是再次返回來重新閱讀,又稱為倒讀或復(fù)讀,這是由于讀者對已讀過的內(nèi)容、句子、詞等感覺不放心所導(dǎo)致的;刈x雖不能完全避免,但次數(shù)過多,肯定會對閱讀效率產(chǎn)生影響。另外回讀的習(xí)慣也是由于過分重視微觀語言現(xiàn)象所致,習(xí)慣回讀的同學(xué)習(xí)慣于有對應(yīng)的漢語翻譯,否則會有不安全的感覺,導(dǎo)致對所讀的內(nèi)容缺乏自信心。我們應(yīng)該明白對一篇文章的理解是整體的,有時是大致的,相對的,則可以避免過細過微的閱讀習(xí)慣,克服不良閱讀習(xí)慣。

  4.不了解西方寫作結(jié)構(gòu)的特點

  一般西方寫作結(jié)構(gòu)的特點是:

  1. Topic sentence ( subject, controlling idea ) 主題句

  2. Supporting sentence (A) 支持主題句的事例或細節(jié)

  3. Supporting sentence (B) 支持主題句的事例或細節(jié)

  4. Supporting sentence (C) 支持主題句的事例或細節(jié)

  5. Concluding sentence 結(jié)論

  請閱讀下面的例文:

  Everywhere, you will always find “the white-haired boy”, sometimes called “the fair-haired boy”. He gets special treatment, as if he were above everyone else. You will find him in school, in college, at home, or where you work.

  In school, he is the teacher’s darling who can do nothing wrong. Sometimes she lets him do little jobs for her. He comes to class in the morning, all shiny and clean. He is always raising his hand, ready with an answer to the teacher’s questions. And he knows all the answers. He gets in you hair, especially if you are at the bottom of the class and the teacher you are stupid. How you hate him!

  At college, he walks——more often stride——across the school grounds as if he owned them. Sometimes he wears a colorful football or basketball shirt or sweater, with a bright red, or green or yellow college letter proudly worn on the front of it. What broad shoulders and what muscles he has! He makes the girls happy by just smiling at them. He has the mark of success on him.

  At home, “the fair-haired boy” is mother’s choice, her favorite. Sometimes, he is the oldest son——at times, the youngest. If you are in between, you are out of luck.

  Then, you discover that there are others who share your feeling, and are ready to “l(fā)et their hair down”——to tell you their private thoughts. One of them asks, “Why does he have all that I haven’t got?” You ask yourself the same question.

  Finally, there comes a day when you decide to stop hating him. Is it perhaps became he has been made the boss and you find yourself working for him?

  1、From the passage we can know “the white-haired boy” is _______________.[!--empirenews.page--]

  A、a boy whose hair is white B、a pet that does nothing wrong

  C、a child who is his mother’s favorite child

  D、a person who is lucky all the time

  2、“He gets in your hair” (in Paragraph 2) means “ ”

  A、he plays tricks on you

  B、he does up your hair

  C、he makes you a little angry

  D、he cuts your hair too short

  3、Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

  A、The middle son is considered the unluckiest at home.

  B、The top student at college is the white-haired boy.

  C、Wearing colorful clothes can make you attractive.

  D、The teacher in school treats her students unfairly.

  4、In the author’s opinion, you finally stop hating the “white-haired boy” because __________。

  A、you have no choice but to face the fact

  B、you decide to try your best to be better than him

  C、you have been made the boss by him

  D、you are beginning to admire him

  同學(xué)們在閱讀本文時要利用一些閱讀的技巧,如:

  1) 確認,分辨

  確認就是要將有關(guān)的詞句、指稱看準確,切勿張冠李戴,要行意結(jié)合,通過句式結(jié)構(gòu)和語言意義正確把握語篇內(nèi)容,同時對一句話或一個段落要進行分辨,看講的是一個意思還是幾個意思,是屬于一個層面還是屬于幾個層面,并具有深層的含義,切勿囫圇吞棗。本文理解的關(guān)鍵就是先進題的the fair-haired boy.

  2) 預(yù)期,印證

  在閱讀中對上下文應(yīng)有預(yù)期的能力,根據(jù)語篇的信息線索,主動地預(yù)期下文情節(jié)的發(fā)展,作者思路的走向。要把握好這種thread of thought(思維主線),還可以借助段落、綱領(lǐng)或主題句以及一些具體信息。還可以通過語篇的承接語,如however, yet, though等,以及句子功能的標識語(indicator)等,還可以根據(jù)自己的前經(jīng)驗、知識及上下文對當時所讀的書面信息或預(yù)期作出印證。

  3) 聯(lián)系,推斷

  由于每一個語篇都是有主題的,而且是有序關(guān)聯(lián)的。因此在閱讀時一定要注意前后聯(lián)系,上下關(guān)系,同時也要做到表里聯(lián)系———通過表層語言推斷出深層含義,內(nèi)外聯(lián)系———借助外圍背景知識推斷理解書面信息。這種宏觀閱讀能提高讀者的聯(lián)想能力和理解能力。

  4) 語域,語境

  每一個語篇都是有語域的,也就是說語篇所表達的環(huán)境定位、人物之間的關(guān)系、語篇的性質(zhì)等。語境指語篇中的各種語言環(huán)境因素,其中包括上下文、言語語氣、暗示等內(nèi)容。了解語域和語境對于準確理解語篇起著非常關(guān)鍵的作用。因此,要學(xué)會利用語域和語境。而且是善于運用于閱讀之中,如例文的第2題,注意語境especially if you are at the bottom of the class and the teacher you are stupid. How you hate him!

  5) 歸納,總結(jié)

  以上閱讀理解的基本要素不是互為孤立的,而是有機結(jié)合、互相滲透的。孩子在平時的閱讀中要有意識地進行自我訓(xùn)練,利用綜合信息,善于得出結(jié)論,例文的話題是比較容易歸納和總結(jié)的,即:the white-hair boy is always lucky and fortunate, 如例文的第4題。

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