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一、動(dòng)詞(Verbs)
1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(The Present Perfect Tense)
(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞have(has)+過去分詞”構(gòu)成�，F(xiàn)以動(dòng)詞work為例，
將現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的肯定式、否定式和疑問式
以及簡(jiǎn)略答語列表如下：
肯定式
I/You have worked。
He/She/It has worked。
We/You/They have worked。
否定式
I/You have not worked。
He/She/It has not worked。
We/You/They have not worked。
疑問式和簡(jiǎn)略回答
Have I/you worked?Yes，you/I have。No，you/I have not。
Has he/she/it worked?Yes，he/she/it has。No，he/she/it has not。
Have we/you/they worked?Yes，you/we/they have。No，you/we/they have not。
注：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞的構(gòu)成與動(dòng)詞過去式相同
(2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法
表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。
Have you had your lunch yet?Yes，I have。I've just had it。
I have already posted the photos。
表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，可以和表示從過去某一時(shí)刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段
時(shí)間的狀語連用。表示持續(xù)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞多是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。
I haven't seen her these days.
I've known LiLei for three years.
I've been at this school for over two years.
They have lived here since 1996.
How long have you worked in this library?
She has taught us since I came to this school.
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以和already，never，just，before，yet 等狀語連用。
Have you ever eaten fish and chips?
I've just lost my science book.
I've never been to that farm before.
I haven't learned the word yet.
have(has)been和have(has)gone的區(qū)別：
have(has) been 表示“曾經(jīng)到過某地”，have(has)gone 表示“已經(jīng)去過某地了”
Where has he been? 他剛才跑到哪去了?
Where has he gone?他到哪去了?
She has been to Shanghai。她到過上海。
She has gone to Shanghai。她到上海去了。
注：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，如：
I haven't bought anything for two months。
(3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的情況，所以它不能和表示
過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。如：yesterday，last night，three weeks ago，in 1990等，而一般過去時(shí)只表示過去
動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生關(guān)系，它可以和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。如：
I have seen the film。我看過這部電影。
I saw the film last week。我上星期看了這個(gè)電影。
He has lived here since 1992。1992年以來他一直住在這里。
He lived here in 1992。 1992年他住在這里。
2.過去將來時(shí)(The Futere-in-the-Past Tense)
(1)過去將來時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞would+動(dòng)詞圓形”構(gòu)成。would�？s略為‘d。
(2)過去將來時(shí)的用法
過去將來時(shí)表示過去的某一時(shí)間看來將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。過去將來時(shí)常用在賓語從句中。如：
I didn't know if she would come。
I wasn't sure whether he would do it。
Wang Lei said that she would visit her uncle next Saturday。
過去將來時(shí)也可以用“was(were) going to +動(dòng)詞原形”來表示。如：
I didn't know if she was going to come。
Wang Lei said that she was going to visit her uncle next Saterday。
3.過去完成時(shí)(The Past Perfect Tense)
(1).過去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成
過去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞had(用于各種人稱和數(shù))+過去分詞”構(gòu)成
(2).過去完成時(shí)的用法
過去完成時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作，它表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是“過去的過去”
表示過去某一時(shí)間可用by，before等構(gòu)成的短語，也可用when，before等引導(dǎo)的從句或者通過上下文表示。
例句
By the end of the match ,they had scored two goals and we had scored four.
We had reached the station before ten o'clock.
When I got there ,you had already started playing .
We did as he had told us.
He said he had never seen such an exciting match before .
By the time we got there,the bus had already gone.
4.動(dòng)詞不定式(The Ivnfinitive)
(1)動(dòng)詞不定式的基本形式是“to+動(dòng)詞原形”，有時(shí)可以不帶to，動(dòng)詞不定式(或不定式短語)沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。
在句子中不能作謂語。動(dòng)詞不定式仍保持動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)。即可以有自己的賓語和狀語。動(dòng)詞不定式同它的賓語或狀語
構(gòu)成不定式短語。如：to read the newspaper，to speak at the meeting等
(2)動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞，形容詞和副詞的特征，因此在句中可以作主語，表語，賓語，賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語，狀語
作賓語
She wanted to borrow my CD player.
They began to read and write。
作狀語
She went to see her grandma last Sunday。
He came to give us a talk yesterday。
作賓語補(bǔ)足語
Lucy asked him to turn down the radio。
She asked me to speak louder。
She found him to be a very good pupil。
作定語
Have you got anything to say?
I had something to eat this morning。
作主語
To learn a foreign language is not easy。
To play in the street is danerous.
(3)動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式
由“not+動(dòng)詞不定式”構(gòu)成。如：
Tell him not to be late。
The policeman told the boys not to play in the street。
(4)動(dòng)詞不定式和疑問句連用
動(dòng)詞不定式虧和疑問句what，which，how，where，when等連用，構(gòu)成不定式短語。
如：The question is when to start。
I don't know where to go。
He showed me how to use a computer。
Nobody told us what to do。
(5)不帶to的情況
有一些動(dòng)詞后用作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式通常不帶to，這種動(dòng)詞有兩類;一類是感覺動(dòng)詞，如see,
hear，watch，feel，notice等，如：
I saw him come。我看見他來了。
I heard him sing。我聽見他唱歌了。
另一類是某些使役動(dòng)詞，如make，let，have等，如：
Let him go。讓他走吧
They made the children work 12 hours a day。
他們強(qiáng)迫孩子們一天干12小時(shí)。
動(dòng)詞help后的不定式可帶to，也可不帶to。
5.被動(dòng)語態(tài)。(The Passive Voice)
(1)主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)
英語動(dòng)詞有兩種語態(tài)，即主動(dòng)語態(tài)(The Active Voice)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)(The Passive Voice)
Many people speak English.(主動(dòng)語態(tài))
English is spoken by many people。(被動(dòng)語態(tài))
(2)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成
被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be有人稱，數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化，其變化
規(guī)則與be作為連系動(dòng)詞時(shí)完全一樣。現(xiàn)以動(dòng)詞ask為例子，將一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的
肯定式，否定式及疑問式列表如下：
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
肯定式
I am asked…… You are asked…… He/She is asked……
We are asked…… You are asked…… They are asked……
否定式
I am not asked…… You are not asked…… He/She is not asked……
We are not asked…… You are not asked…… They are not asked……
疑問式
Am I asked……? Are you asked……? Is he/She asked……?
Are we asked……? Are you asked……? Are they asked……?
一般過去時(shí)
肯定式
I was asked…… You were asked…… He/She was asked……
We were asked…… You were asked…… They were asked……
否定式
I was not asked…… You were not asked…… He/She was not asked……
We were not asked…… You were not asked…… They were not asked……
疑問式
was I asked……? were you asked……? was he/She asked……?
were we asked……? were you asked……? were they asked……?
(3)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)
含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。如：
This bicycle can be mended in two hour。
This trees may be planted in spring。
The room must be kept clean。
The flowers should be watered often。
(4)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法
當(dāng)我們不知道誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或者沒有必要指出誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，或者只需強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的
承受者時(shí)，需要被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：
This jacket is made of cotton。
English is spoken in Canada。
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