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2017年中考英語語法專題詳解三:介詞、連詞
介詞、連詞
一、介詞
1. 介詞概述:介詞表示它與后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。介詞是虛詞,不能單獨(dú)做句子成分。介詞在英語中用法很活,也無一定規(guī)律可循。在初中范圍內(nèi)還應(yīng)學(xué)一個(gè)記住一個(gè),特別是那些和動(dòng)詞的特殊搭配。
2. 常用介詞的意義和用法。
、 時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)介詞in、on、at的用法區(qū)別:
表示時(shí)間時(shí), in表示在一段時(shí)間里(在將來時(shí)句子中則表示在一段時(shí)間之后), on表示在具體的某一天或者某天的上下午等, at表示在某個(gè)時(shí)刻或者瞬間;
表示地點(diǎn)時(shí), in表示在某個(gè)范圍之內(nèi), on表示在某個(gè)平面上或與一個(gè)面相接觸,at則表示在某個(gè)具體的場所或地點(diǎn)。如:
He was born on the night of May 10th.
I usually get up at 7:00 in the morning.
His glasses are on the desk.
My brother is at the bus stop.
⑵ after與in表示時(shí)間的用法區(qū)別:“after+(具體時(shí)刻/從句)”表示“在…時(shí)刻之后”常用于一般過去時(shí)態(tài);“in+(一段時(shí)間)”表示“在(多久)之后”,常用于將來時(shí)態(tài)。如:
He said that he would come back after 6:00.
My father is coming back from Astralia in about a month.
、 since與for表示時(shí)間的用法區(qū)別:“since+(具體時(shí)刻/that-從句)”表示“自從…起一直到現(xiàn)在”,“for +(一段時(shí)間)”表示“持續(xù)一段時(shí)間”,都常用于完成時(shí)態(tài);如:
My father has worked in this factory since 1970.
My father has worked in this factory for over 30 years.
、 by、in與with表示方式的用法區(qū)別:都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是by主要表示“乘坐”某個(gè)交通工具或“以……方式”,在被動(dòng)句中可以表示動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者;in表示“使用”某種語言/文字,with表示“使用”某個(gè)具體的工具、手段。如:
We write with our hands and walk with our feet.
Please speak in English.
Let’s go to the zoo by bus.
It was invented by Adison.
⑸ about與on的用法區(qū)別:都可以表示“有關(guān)…”,但是about的意義比較廣,而on主要表示“有關(guān)…(專題/課程)”。如:
Tom is going to give a speech on the history of China.
They are talking about the English test.
、 through與across、over的用法區(qū)別: through指“穿過…(門洞/人群/樹林)”; across和over可以指“跨越…(街道/河流)”,可互換,但是表示“翻過…”時(shí)只能用over. 如:
Just then a kangaroo (鼠)ran across the road.(就在那時(shí)一只袋鼠跑過路面)
There is a bridge across/over the river.(河上有座橋)
They climbed over the mountain and arrived there (他們翻過大山到達(dá)了那里)/
The visitors went through a big gate into another park.(參觀者們穿過一個(gè)大門來到另一個(gè)公園)
(7)as與like的區(qū)別:兩個(gè)詞都表示“像……”,但是as譯為“作為……”,表示的是職業(yè)、職務(wù)、作用等事實(shí),而like譯為“像……一樣”,表示外表,不是事實(shí)。如:
Let me speak to you as a teacher.(我以老師的身份和你講話。)
Let me speak to you like a teacher.(讓我像一位老師一樣和你講話)
(8)in front of 與in the front of:in front of“在…的前面”, 與in the front of“在…的前部”。如:
A group of people was standing in front of the hall.
In the front of the hall stood a group of people.
(12)except與besides的區(qū)別:except“除了”,表示排除掉某人物,即不包含;而besides“除了”則表示包含,即“不僅……又……”。如:
Everyone went to the park except Tom.(除了Tom,大家都去了公園)(Tom沒有去公園)/
Besides maths he also studied many other subjects.(除了數(shù)學(xué)之外,他還學(xué)其他許多功課)(“數(shù)學(xué)”也是他學(xué)的功課之一)
連詞
1.連詞概述:連詞是一種虛詞,用于連接單詞,短語或句子,但不單獨(dú)做句子成分。按照連詞的性質(zhì),可將連詞分為并列連詞和從屬連詞。并列連詞如:and,but,or,for等,它們即可連接單詞,短語,又可連接句子。從屬連詞如:when,before ,because等,它們主要引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。
2.常見連詞的用法:
1)并列連詞 的用法: 并列連詞有:and, but, or, nor, so, for yet, however, as well as, both…and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, still,
And: 連接單詞短語句子 。如:Tom and I study in the same school.
But, or :I have a pen but no pencil. / Would you like coffee or tea?
Nothing but除了,只有: I did nothing but watch it.
Or表示否則:如: Hurry up or you will miss the train.
for 表示后面的句子是原因。如: He is good at piano for he practices harder than others.
Not only…but also 不僅…而且?刹⒘兄、謂、賓、表及句子。主語并列時(shí),謂語要就近一致。如: Not only he but also I am a nurse.
As well as 以及,同樣。并列單詞、短語、句子。并列主語時(shí),動(dòng)詞要隨前面的主語變化 .如:He works as well as he can
Either…or 既…又…,或…或…,并列主、謂、賓、表及狀語 ,如:Either come in or go out.
Neither…nor 既不…也不, 并列主、謂、賓、表、狀語,并列主語時(shí),謂語就近一致。如:Neither you nor he is lazy.
Both…and 和,既…也,并列主、謂、賓及表語。I can speak both English and French.
nor 也不,引導(dǎo)句子要倒裝 。如:He can not play the piano, nor can I.
so 因此,所以,不和because連用。如:You like swimming, so do I.
1) 從屬連詞的用法: 從屬連詞有:after, when, before, as, while, since, until, till, if, unless, because, than, that, whether, so that
after 表示“時(shí)間”,在…之后。如:After I finished the school, I became a worker in the factory.
Although/though 表示讓步, “盡管”。如: Although she is young, she knows a lot.
as 表示時(shí)間,“當(dāng)…時(shí)”,方式“象…”,原因,“由于、因?yàn)?rdquo;讓步,“盡管、雖然” 。如: As it was rainy, we couldn’t go out now.
As if/as though 表方式,“似乎、好像” 。如: He told us such a story as though he had been there before.
As long as/so long as 表?xiàng)l件,“只要” 。如: As long as I am here, I’ll go to help you.
As soon as 表時(shí)間,“一…就…”。如: I will call you as soon as I come back.
because 表原因,“因?yàn)?rdquo;。如: I have to practice more because I am not good at English.
before 表時(shí)間,“在…之前’’ 。如: You should think more before you do it.
Even if/ even though 表讓步,“即使”。如: You should try again even if you failed.
Hardly…when 表時(shí)間,“(剛)一…就”。如: Hardly I entered the gate when the bell rang.
if “假如”,引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。如: We will stay at home if the rain doesn’t stop.
“是否”,引導(dǎo)賓語從句。如; I don’t know if he goes shopping.
In order that 表目的,“為了,以便”。如: We study hard in order that we can pass the exam.
No matter +疑問詞 表讓步,“無論,不管”。如: No matter what you do, you should try your best.
No sooner…than 表時(shí)間,“剛一…就…”。如: No sooner had I come home than it began to rain.
once 表時(shí)間,“一旦…”。如: Once you read this book, you’ll never forget it.
since 表時(shí)間,“自從…以來”。如: He has been in this city since he left school.
表原因,“既然,由于” 。如: Since the job is dangerous, let’s do it more carefully.
so far as/as far as 表?xiàng)l件,“就…而言,就…而論”。如:As far as I know, it is easy for you to speak in English.
So that 表目的,“以便” 。如: Speak loud so that everybody can hear clearly.
So…that 表結(jié)果“如此,以致”。如: He got up so early that he caught the early bus.
than 表示比較,“比” 。如: Things were worse than we thought.
unless 表?xiàng)l件,“除非,如果不” 。如: You will fail in the test unless you study hard.
Until/till 表時(shí)間,“直到…為止” 。如: I’ll wait till my mother comes back.
when 表時(shí)間,“當(dāng)…時(shí)’’。如: When they got there, the train has left.
whether “是否”引導(dǎo)名詞性從句 。如: Whether he can come to see us is unknown.
表讓步,“不管/無論、是否”。如:Whether she is rich or poor, she is always happy.
while 表時(shí)間,“當(dāng)…時(shí)” 。如: While he was in Beijing, he visited the Great Wall.
whenever 表時(shí)間,“無論什么時(shí)候”。如: Whenever you meet any trouble, tell me at once.
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