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2017年中考英語語法專題詳解九：非謂語動詞
專題十 非謂語動詞
一、 動詞不定式
1、 構(gòu)成：動詞不定式基本形式為： to+動詞原形。有些動詞不定式不帶to。
否定形式為：not (to)+動詞原形。
2、功能及用法：
(1)、用作主語
多數(shù)情況用it作形式主語，把真正的主語——動詞不定式置于句末，特別是不定式短語較長時。動詞不定式作主語，謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。如：
For him, to talk with his mother is necessary.=It is necessary for him to talk with his mother.
(2)、用作表語
動詞不定式作表語，常說明主語的內(nèi)容、性質(zhì)、特征。�？赊D(zhuǎn)換成主語。如：
The best way to improve your English is to join an English club.=To join an English club is the best way to improve your English.
(3)、用作賓語
★可以接帶to的動詞不定式作賓語的動詞主要有：要求選擇同意(ask, choose, agree)，期望決定學(xué)習(xí)(expect, hope, decide, learn)，寧可拒絕假裝知道(prefer, refuse, pretend, know)，希望想要愿意(wish, want/need, would like / love)等。如：
We decided to talk to some students.
He prefers to eat white bread and rice.
★動詞decide, know, learn, show, teach, tell…后可用“疑問詞+to的不定式短語”作賓語，但why后面的不定式不帶to。如：
Could you please tell me where to park my car?
★動詞feel, find, make, think等后面，可以用it作形式賓語代替真正的賓語—動詞不定式，句子結(jié)構(gòu)是sb. feel / find / make / …+ it+adj. / n.+to do…如：
I find it difficult to remember everything.
★既可接動詞不定式又可接v-ing形式作賓語，意思差別不太大的動詞有begin, start, like, love等。如：
Then I started to watch English-language TV.
I like to eat vegetables.
★后接動詞不定式或v-ing形式作賓語，意思差別較大的動詞有forget, remember等。后接不定式作賓語，表動作尚未發(fā)生;后接ving形式作賓語，表動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。stop to do停下來做另外一件事;stop doing停止做、不做當(dāng)前這件事。try to do盡力做，try doing試試看;go on to do接著做另外的事，go on doing繼續(xù)做原來的事。如：
When I left home, I had forgotten to bring it with me.
I stopped using them last year.
(4)、用作定語
★句子的主語或賓語是動詞不定式的邏輯主語，不定式與其所修飾的名詞、代詞等存在邏輯的動賓關(guān)系時，用動詞不定式的主動式。如：
I have so much homework to do today.
It’s a good place to visit.
★作定語的不定式如果是不及物動詞，且與所修飾的詞之間有動賓關(guān)系，要在不定式后加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。如：
I need a room to live in.
(5)、用作補語
★在主、被動語態(tài)句里用帶to的動詞不定式作補語的動詞主要有：要求允許提議(ask, allow, advise)，期望邀請鼓勵(expect, suppose, invite, encourage)，教導(dǎo)告訴想要(teach, tell, want)，等待希望愿意(wait for, wish, would like / love)。如：
She asked me not to speak Chinese in English class.
★下列動詞，多數(shù)動詞是感官動詞和使役動詞，當(dāng)動詞不定式作補語時，在主動語態(tài)句里不帶to，被動語態(tài)句里要將省略的to補上。包括四“看”：look at, observe, see, watch，三“讓”：have, let, make，二“聽”：hear, listen to，一“感覺”：feel，一“注意”：notice。如：
This picture makes me feel tense! I was made to say sorry to him.
★help后接動詞不定式作補語，to可帶可不帶。如：
Using email English helps you write quickly.
★be said, be sure, happen, seem等后面可以接帶to的動詞不定式作主語的補語。如：
He doesn’t seem to have many friends.
Be sure not to miss them if they come to a city near you.
(6)、用作狀語， 其邏輯主語要和句子的主語一致。
★目的狀語，置于句首或句末，置于句首時常表示強調(diào)。如：
A group of young people came here to(in order to) discuss this question.
★原因狀語，多見于“sb.+be+adj.+to do…”結(jié)構(gòu)句中。如：
I’m sorry to trouble you. I’m glad to see you.
★結(jié)果狀語，多見于“too…to”，“enough to…”結(jié)構(gòu)句中。如：
Then I’m too tired to do well. What should I do?
The room needs to be big enough for three people to live in.
★獨立動詞不定式多用作插入語，表示說話人的心理狀態(tài)或?qū)κ虑榈目捶�。如�?/p>
To be honest, I only eat food that tastes good.
To begin with, she spoke too quickly, and I couldn’t understand every word.
(7)、動詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
動詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)是“for / of sb. to do sth.”，for / of引出不定式動作的邏輯主語。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中可以作主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語等。
不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時，需注意：
It’s + 形容詞 + for / of + sb + to do sth. for前面的形容詞是dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, heavy, important, interesting, necessary等，一般說明不定式動作的特性，不說明人的特性。如： It’s dangerous for children to swim in the river.
當(dāng)上面的形容詞指的是sb的性質(zhì)時，用介詞of。這些形容詞往往修飾人：careful, clever, foolish, good, kind, nice, wise,bad, polite, careless
如：It’s very nice of you to say so.
(8)、帶疑問詞的不定式短語
動詞不定式前面可以帶疑問代詞what, which, who或疑問副詞how, when, where, why等。這種結(jié)構(gòu)起名詞的作用，在句子里用作賓語、主語、表語等，或者單獨使用。如：
I don’t know what to do next.
Where to go is not decided yet.
單獨使用時相當(dāng)于一個特殊疑問句，在復(fù)合句中則可變?yōu)橐粋�從句。
What to do next? =What will we / you do next?
Can you tell me how to do that?=Can you tell me how I should do that?
(9)、動詞不定式的否定式
不定式的否定式是not to do…，不帶to的不定式的否定式是not do…如：
Sometimes they decide not to talk to each other.
(10)常見的與不定式連用的詞組和句型。
Why not do…?=Why don’t you do …? had better (not) do …
would rather do … prefer to do rather than do
Could/Would/Will you please…? It takes sb +時間/金錢+ to do sth.
It’ s time to do… It’ s one’s turn to…
如： Why not take a holiday?
It takes me an hour to walk there.
二、 動名詞
1、構(gòu)成： 動詞原形+ing
2、功能及用法：
動名詞除具有動詞的性質(zhì)外，還具有名詞的性質(zhì)。動名詞在句中可用作主語、表語、賓語、定語、賓語補足語等，但不能用作謂語。
(1)。用作主語， 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：
Eating too much is bad for your health.
注意：動名詞作主語經(jīng)常采用it作形式主語的句型。
It’s no use crying. 哭沒有什么用處。
(2)。用作表語，可轉(zhuǎn)換成主語。如：
Her favorite sport is skating. =Skating is her favorite sport.
注意：不定式和動名詞均可用作主語和表語，區(qū)別是：動名詞多指籠統(tǒng)的、抽象的概念，而不定式則多指具體的、一次性的動作。
(3)。用作賓語，放在動詞或介詞之后。如：
She likes singing and dancing.
Thank you for helping us.
(4)。用作定語，位于所修飾詞之前，表示所修飾的詞的用途、所屬關(guān)系等。如：
This is our reading room.
Betty won the first prize in the singing competition.
★英語中，某些動詞(或形容詞)只能與ing形式即動名詞連用。
一直忙于訓(xùn)練，(keep, be busy，practice,)
想要繼續(xù)完成，(feel like, keep on, finish，)
習(xí)慣期待花費，(be used to, look forward to, spend)
介意考慮放棄，(mind, consider, give up)
禁不住麻煩怎么樣(can’t help, have trouble/problems (in)， what/how about)
建議喜歡開心 (suggest , enjoy, have fun )
★還有一些結(jié)構(gòu)：
do+some+doing 如： do some cooking/ shopping / cleaning/ washing/ reading/
go+doing 如： go shopping/ fishing / swimming/ skating/ boating/ hiking / sightseeing
no use (good) doing sth 做……沒用 如： It’s no good complaining.
without+dong sth 沒有做…… 如：。 She kept sitting there without talking to anybody.
no+dong …禁止，不準 如：No parking!
pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事 如： You must pay attention to protecting him。
put one’s effort into doing sth 全力以赴做某事
如：If you put your effort into learning English, you will improve it.
三、 分詞
考點聚焦
1、構(gòu)成：英語中的分詞有兩種：現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。及物動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞由“動詞+ing”構(gòu)成，表示正在進行和主動意義。過去分詞基本形式是“動詞+ed”，表示已經(jīng)完成和被動意義，但也有不規(guī)則形式。
2、功能及用法
(1)。作定語 分詞可用來修飾名詞或代詞，并和所修飾的詞在邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系。
前置定語 如： What exciting news it is!
后置定語 如： Do you know the girl sitting under the tree?
There comes a girl dressed in red.
(2)。作表語 分詞作表語，相當(dāng)于形容詞�，F(xiàn)在分詞作表語通常表示主語所具有的性質(zhì)或特征，含有“令人……的”意思。過去分詞作表語多表示主語所處的情形或狀態(tài)，含有“某人感到……的”意思。如：
The story was very interesting . I was interested in the movie.
(3)。作補語
現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語，賓語和現(xiàn)在分詞(主動意義)有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。過去分詞作補足語，賓語和過去分詞 (被動意義)有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系。
分詞通常用在see，hear, watch，notice，feel，find等感官動詞或have，get，make等使役動詞的賓語之后，補充說明賓語的動作或狀態(tài)。過去分詞在動詞have，get之后作賓語補足語時，常常表示這動作不是由主語完成的，而是由別人完成的。如：
I found the boy crying in the corner. (主謂關(guān)系，正在進行)
I want to have my hair cut/ have my bike repaired/ get my ears pierced. (被動)
★現(xiàn)在分詞和不定式作賓語補足語在意義上有所不同�，F(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語，表示動作正在進行，即動作處在發(fā)生過程中，還沒有結(jié)束;而不定式作賓語補足語表示經(jīng)常性的動作或動作的全過程。如：
I saw him going out. (分詞，正在發(fā)生)
I see him go out every day. (不定式，經(jīng)常性動作)
I heard him knock three times.是的，我聽見他敲了三下。(不定式，全過程)
(4)。作狀語，表時間、原因、伴隨、結(jié)果、讓步、方式等。
現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，一般句子主語就是分詞的主語。
Seeing the teacher entering the room，the students stood up.(= When the students saw the teacher entering the room，they stood up.)(時間狀語，主動)
Not knowing what to do about it，I asked my teacher for advice.(原因狀語，主動)
The teaher came in, followed by his students.(伴隨狀語，被動)
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