【中考英語語法】初中英語中都有什么時態(tài)？(4)

　　2. 過去完成時

　　(1)表示過去某時間前已經發(fā)生的動作或情況，這個過去的時間可以用by，before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句來表示;或者表示一個動作在另一個過去動作之前已經完成。例如：

　　1)we had just had our breakfast when tom came in.

　　2)by the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.

　　(2)動詞expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用過去完成時，表示過去的希望、預期、意圖或愿望等沒有實現。例如：

　　i had meant to take a good holiday this year, but i wasn’t able to get away.

　　另外兩種表示“過去想做而未做的事”的表達方式是：

　　1)was / were + to have done sth, 例如：

　　we were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.

　　2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth, 例如：

　　i meant to have told you about it, but i forgot to do so.

　　(3)過去完成時常用于以下固定句型：

　　1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 過去完成時+ when + 過去時。例如：

　　hardly had i got on the bus when it started to move.

　　2)no sooner +過去完成時+ than +過去時。例如：

　　no sooner had i gone out than he came to see me.

　　3)by (the end of ) +過去時間，主句中謂語動詞用過去完成時。例如：

　　the experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.

　　3. 將來完成時

　　將來完成時表示在將來某一時刻將完成或在另一個未來的動作發(fā)生之前已經完成的動作;也可以用來表示一種猜測。常與將來完成時連用的時間狀語有：by (the time / the end of ) + 表示將來時間的短語和句子;before (the end of ) + 表示將來時間的詞語或句子;when, after等加上表示將來動作的句子等。例如：

　　1)by this time tomorrow you will have arrived in shanghai.

　　2)i shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.

　　3)when we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.

　　4. 完成進行時

　　完成進行時是完成時的強調形式，有現在完成進行時，過去完成進行時，將來完成進行時。

　　(1)現在完成進行時表示過去某一時刻之前開始的動作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過去某一時刻。例如：

　　i have been looking for my lost book for three days, but i still haven’t found it.

　　(2)過去完成進行時表示過去某一時刻之前開始的動作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過去某一時刻。例如：

　　it had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.

　　(3)將來完成進行時表示在將來某一時刻之前開始的一個動作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到將來某一時刻。例如：

　　by the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.