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2017年中考英語語法專題詳解十：簡(jiǎn)單句并列句
簡(jiǎn)單句
(一)基本概念
只包含一個(gè)主語(或并列主語)和一個(gè)謂語(或并列謂語)的句子，稱作簡(jiǎn)單句。在簡(jiǎn)單句中主語和謂語是句子的主干，是句子的核心。除了主語和謂語外，簡(jiǎn)單句中還可以有賓語、表語、補(bǔ)語、狀語、定語等。
(二)句型結(jié)構(gòu) 簡(jiǎn)單句可歸納為五個(gè)基本句型。
1.主語+謂語 這種句型簡(jiǎn)稱為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，其謂語一般都是不及物動(dòng)詞，后面可以有其他成分修飾。
如：Things change. He smiles happily.
2.主語+連系動(dòng)詞+表語 這種句型稱為主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。
如：Mr. Smith is an artist. The hamburger tastes good.
注：表語位于系動(dòng)詞之后。常由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式、動(dòng)詞的-ing、從句來充當(dāng)。
常見系動(dòng)詞有：
(1)表狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞---be 如：
He is a teacher. He is ill.
(2)持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞--用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，常見有keep, remain, stay,如：
He always kept silent。
(3)表像系動(dòng)詞--用來表示"看起來像"這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look,如：
He looks tired.
He seems (to be) very sad.
(4)感官系動(dòng)詞---感官系動(dòng)詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste,如：
This kind of cloth feels very soft. That sounds interesting.
This flower smells very sweet. It tastes delicious.
(5)變化系動(dòng)詞--這些系動(dòng)詞表示主語變成什么樣，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come,等。。如：
He became mad after that. I get tired. She grew tall。
3. 主語+謂語+賓語 謂語一般多是及物動(dòng)詞。賓語有兩種 ：間接賓語和直接賓語
如：We like music.
I had eggs for breakfast.
4.主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語
一般間接賓語位于直接賓語的前面，有時(shí)它們也可交換位置，這是需要在間接賓語的前面加上介詞to 或for 。
如：He gave his sister the book.=He gave the book to his sister.
常見雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)：
可轉(zhuǎn)換成帶to結(jié)構(gòu)的有：
bring sb. sth (bring sth to sb)。 give sb. sth (give sth to sb.) lend sb. sth (lend sth to sb) pass sb sth (pass sth to sb) return sb. sth (return sth to sb) send sb sth (send sth to sb)
show sb sth (show sth. to sb.) tell sb sth (tell sth to sb ) write sb sth (write sth to sb )
可轉(zhuǎn)換成帶for結(jié)構(gòu)的有：
buy sb sth (buy sth for sb ) do sb sth (do sth for sb ) get sb sth (get sth for sb )
make sb. sth (make sth for sb) pay sb. sth (pay sth for sb) sing sb sth (sing sth for sb )
5.主語+謂語(及物動(dòng)詞)+賓語+賓補(bǔ)
賓語補(bǔ)足語常由形容詞、名詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語、不帶to的不定式或v+ing、V+ed等充當(dāng)。
如：I found the book easy.(形容詞easy作補(bǔ)語)
I'll let him go.(不定式go用作補(bǔ)語)
(三) There be句型
1、結(jié)構(gòu)：There be句型是一種主語后置的倒裝句，常表示某處有某人或某物。
具體結(jié)構(gòu)為：There be+人/物+其他+(地點(diǎn))。
2、用法：
(1)、There be句型中動(dòng)詞be單復(fù)數(shù)形式要跟there be之后的主語保持一致。并且要根據(jù)就近一致原則來變換be 的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。
如：There is a desk and two chairs in the room.
There are two chairs and a desk in the room.
(2)、There be句型中的be 有各種時(shí)態(tài)，有時(shí)還會(huì)在be前插入情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。
如： There is going to be a meeting tonight.
There must be some flowers in the box.
(3)、There be句型可換成There come / go,以引起注意，加強(qiáng)語氣。
如：There comes the bus.
(4)、 There be句型的否定句和疑問句變化主要是be之后加not和be提到there之前。
如：There isn’t any rain these days.
Are there any people in the room?
并列句
(一) 基本概念及構(gòu)成
兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句用and, but, or, so等并列連詞連在一起構(gòu)成的句子，叫做并列句，其基本結(jié)構(gòu)是“簡(jiǎn)單句+并列連詞+簡(jiǎn)單句”。
如： I like action movies but I don't like thrillers.
Hurry up，or you'll be late.
(二)連詞用法
1、表并列關(guān)系的連詞有and，both…and…兩者都， as well as還有， not only…but (also)不但…而且…， neither…nor既不…也不…等。
如：Work hard, and you’ll pass the exam.
She not only sings but also dances.
2、表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的有but, however然而，while然而，still, yet然而等。
如：The film is not perfect, however, it's good.
I like action movies but I don't like thrillers.
I like tea while she likes coffee.(表對(duì)比)
3、表選擇關(guān)系的有or, either…or…或者…或者…， not…but…不是…而是…等。
如：Hurry up, or you’ll be late.
Either Tom or his sisters are coming.
4、表因果關(guān)系的有for因?yàn)椋?so所以， because等。
如：I'd better take an umbrella, for it is going to rain.
The manager was ill so she didn’t go to work.
(三)特殊的并列句
1. 祈使句 + and +一般將來時(shí)的句子
如：Work hard, and you’ll pass the exam.
2. 祈使句 + or + 一般將來時(shí)的句子
如：Hurry up, or you’ll be late.
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