復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)：2008年高考英語復(fù)習(xí)六大難點解析

　　抽象名詞一般看作不可數(shù)名詞,但有時也可與冠詞連用，表示具體化。

　　●難點磁場

　　1.（★★★★★）Jumping out of airplane at ten thousand feet is quite________exciting experience.

　　A.不填；the B.不填；an C.an；an D.the；the

　　2.（★★★★★）Many people agree that________knowledge of English is________must in international trade today.

　　A.a；a B.the；an C.the；the D.不填；the

　　3.（★★★★★）One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain________good knowledge of basic word information.

　　A./ B.the C.a D.one

　　4.（★★★★）-I hear that as many as 150 people were killed in the earthquake.

　　-Yes，________news came as________shock to us.

　　A.the；the B.the；a C.不填；不填 D.不填；a

　　5.(★★★★)He has______great interest in history，especially in______history of Tang Dynasty.

　　A.a；the B.a；/ C./；the D./；a

　　●案例探究

　　1.For many Beijingers，dreams of living in___green area are becoming____reality.

　　A.a；a B.the；the C.不填；不填 D.the；不填

　　命題意圖：表面看本題考查孩子對冠詞的用法，其實也考查了孩子對抽象名詞具體化的掌握，屬于五星級題目。

　　知識依托：抽象名詞并非都作不可數(shù)名詞。

　　錯解分析：D選項迷惑性較大，許多同學(xué)會認(rèn)為reality為抽象名詞，不能用a。

　　解題方法與技巧：抽象名詞或物質(zhì)名詞前或后加上表示性質(zhì)類別的修飾詞，指概念的"一種""一類""一次"等時，可用不定冠詞，例如：Physics is a science.

　　答案：A

　　2.The police have________power to arrest bad people by________law.

　　A.the；the B.a；a C.the；不填 D.不填；the

　　命題意圖：考查孩子對抽象名詞具體化的理解，屬于四星級題目。

　　知識依托：定冠詞與抽象名詞連用，特指雙方都了解的人或事。

　　錯解分析：許多孩子會認(rèn)為D正確，認(rèn)為power是抽象名詞，故不能用冠詞。

　　解題方法與技巧：to arrest bad people是power的定語，故此處用the表示特指。

　　答案：C

　　●錦囊妙計

　　1.不定冠詞與抽象名詞連用表示：

　�、僖环N、一場或某個動作的一次、一番。例如：It was a war，have a look，have a try。

　�、谀骋黄焚|(zhì)的具體行動。例如：Thank you，Tim.You have done me a kindness.

　　③引起某種情緒的事。例如：It's a pleasure to work with you. It's a pity that you can't swim.

　　2.定冠詞與抽象名詞連用，特指某一時、某一次的行動或情緒，或說話的雙方都了解的人或事。

　　3.注意：有些詞組中，有沒有冠詞含義是不同的。試比較：

　　●殲滅難點訓(xùn)練

　　1.(★★★★)He is________（help）to me.

　　2.(★★★★)Nowadays many young people get into________habit of smoking in________public and can't kick it.

　　A.the；the B./；/ C./；the D.the；/

　　3.(★★★★★)-The news is spreading from mouth to mouth.

　　-Yes，it's become________talk of________town.

　　A.a；a B.the；/ C.the；the D.a；/

　　4.(★★★★★)In face of________failure，it is the most important to keep up________good state of mind.

　　A./；a B.a；/ C.the；/ D./；the

　　5.(★★★★★)Having received________training of the Ms.Company，he was offered________important position in management.

　　A.the；an B.不填；an C.the；不填 D.a；a

　　6.(★★★★★)In________Sahara Desert，________rain was scarce，but in my hometown there is________heavy rain now and then，and the river around the town rises a lot after________.

　　A.the；the；a；a heavy rain B.the；/；a；heavy rains

　　C./；/；/；a heavy rain D.the；the；a；heavy rains

　　7.(★★★★)The building was completed in________September of 1956 not in________October,1955.

　　A./；the B.the；the C./；/ D.the；/

　　難點2   冠詞的非前位用法

　　限定語與所修飾的中心名詞的關(guān)系一般順序是：冠詞+表示大小尺寸的限定詞+表示顏色的限定詞+表示原材料的限定詞+中心名詞。但在某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中，冠詞放在了形容詞之后。

　　●難點磁場

　　1.(★★★★)-What about________book？

　　-It's too difficult________book.

　　A.a；a B.a；the C.the；the D.the；a

　　2.(★★★★★)________Beijing you see today is quite________different city from what it used to be.

　　A.The；不填 B.The；a C.不填；the D.A；a

　　●案例探究

　　1.Peter won't drive us to the station.He has________to take us all.

　　A.a very small car B.too small a car

　　C.a too small car D.such a small car

　　命題意圖：考查孩子對冠詞不放在先進(jìn)位的固定結(jié)構(gòu)的掌握，屬于四星級題目。

　　知識依托：不定冠詞放在too+形容詞之后。

　　錯解分析：C迷惑性較大，孩子都學(xué)過too+adj./adv. +to…結(jié)構(gòu)，但對于too+adj.+n.?+to…結(jié)構(gòu)不熟悉。

　　解題方法與技巧：名詞前修飾語一般正常語序為：不定冠詞+形容詞+名詞。但有些固定結(jié)構(gòu)需注意，如too+adj. +a/an+n.。

　　答案：B

　　2.Exercise is________as any other to lose unwanted weight.

　　A.so useful a way B.as a useful way

　　C.as useful a way D.such a useful way [!--empirenews.page--]

　　命題意圖：考查孩子對冠詞不放在先進(jìn)位的固定結(jié)構(gòu)的掌握，屬五星級題目。

　　知識依托：不定冠詞放在as+形容詞之后。

　　錯解分析：A、B迷惑性較大，so…as結(jié)構(gòu)常用于否定句和疑問句，故不能選A、B。

　　解題方法與技巧：名詞前修飾語正常語序為：不定冠詞+形容詞+名詞，但有些固定結(jié)構(gòu)需注意，如：as+adj. +a/an+n.?

　　答案：C

　　●錦囊妙計

　　1.不定冠詞用在quite，rather，many，half，what，much等詞之后。例如：

　　He is rather a fool.

　　-What did you think of the concert？

　　-Oh，it was quite a success.

　　2.不定冠詞用在so（as，too，how）+形容詞之后。

　　例如：She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.

　　It's too difficult a book for us to read.

　　注意：以元音音素開頭的名詞前加不定冠詞時用"an"。例如：an apple。

　　即使單詞拼寫以輔音字母開頭，但該詞的讀音是元音音素開頭，加不定冠詞時也要用"an"，例如：an hour，an honest boy；反之，拼寫以元音字母開頭，但讀音是輔音，加不定冠詞時要用"a"，例如：a university。

　　3.so…that與such…that:

　�、賡o…that和such…that都作"如此……以致"解，that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。常見句型如下：

　　so

　�、趕uch…that和so…that有時可以換用，條件是such所修飾的名詞必須是一個單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，且該名詞還帶有表性質(zhì)的形容詞。轉(zhuǎn)變公式如下：such a/an+形容詞+名詞→so+形容詞+a/an+名詞。

　　例如：He is such a good student that we all like him.→He is so good a student that we all like him。

　　但是，如果是不可數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，則只能用such，不能用so修飾。

　　例如：It was such bad weather that he had to stay at home。

　�、廴绻麖�(fù)數(shù)名詞前有many，few，不可數(shù)名詞前有much，little等表示量的形容詞時，應(yīng)該用so而不用such。

　　如：I've had so many falls that I'm black and blue all over.

　　Mr White got so little money a month that he could hardly keep body and soul together（維持生活）。

　　但little不表示數(shù)量而表示"小"的意思時，仍用such。

　　例如：They are such little children that they cannot clean the house by themselves.

　　●殲滅難點訓(xùn)練

　　1.(★★★★)Ann is________girl.

　　A.quite a bright B.a quite bright

　　2.(★★★★).It's ________day.

　　A.a rather cold B.rather a cold C.a cold rather

　　3.(★★★★★)________is here.

　　A.Many a boy B.Many boys

　　4.(★★★★)多么聰明的一個男孩。

　　5.(★★★★)English is ________to the world as other languages.

　　A.so useful a bridge B.as a useful bridge

　　C.as useful a bridge D.such a useful bridge

　　難點 3 不定代詞的固定表達(dá)

　　不定代詞具有名詞和形容詞的性質(zhì)，并有可數(shù)與不可數(shù)、單數(shù)與復(fù)數(shù)的區(qū)別，用時需慎重。

　　●難點磁場

　　1.(★★★★)-Is________here?

　　-No,Bob and Tim have asked for leave.

　　A.anybody B.somebody C.everybody D.nobody

　　2.(★★★★)They were very tired,but________of them would stop to take a rest.

　　A.any B.some C.none D.neither

　　3.(★★★★)I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have________.

　　A.it B.those C.them D.one

　　4.(★★★★★)-When shall we meet again?

　　-Make it ________day you like;it's all the same to me.

　　A.one B.any C.another D.some

　　5.(★★★★★)I agree with most of what you said,but I don't agree with________.

　　A.everything B.anything C.something D.nothing

　　(NMET1997)

　　6.(★★★★★)Sarah has read lots of stories by American writers.Now she would like to read________stories by writers from________countries.

　　A.some;any B.other;some C.some;other D.other;other

　　7.(★★★★)-Can you come on Monday or Tuesday?

　　-I'm afraid________day is possible.

　　A.either B.neither C.some D.any

　　8.(★★★★★)Dr.Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge,I can't remember________.

　　A.where B.there C.which D.that

　　9.(★★★★★)-Are the new rules working?

　　-Yes.________books are stolen.

　　A.Few B.More C.Some D.None

　　10.(★★★★)Few pleasures can equal________of a cool drink on a hot day.

　　A.some B.any C.that D.those

　　●案例探究

　　1.If you want to change for a double room,you'll have to pay________＄15.

　　A.another B.other C.more D.each

　　(NMET2000)

　　命題意圖：本題考查孩子對"又""再"的英語表達(dá)方式的掌握，屬五星級題目。

　　知識依托："another+數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞"表示在原有基礎(chǔ)上多出的數(shù)量。

　　錯解分析：B、C迷惑性較大。因other、more也有"再""又"之意，但位置與another不同。

　　解題方法與技巧：必須記清表達(dá)方式，數(shù)詞+more/other+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。

　　答案：A

　　例：I've got another three books.

　　I've got three more/other books.

　　2.-Why don't we take a little break?

　　-Didn't we just have________? [!--empirenews.page--]

　　A.it B.that C.one D.this

　　(NMET2000)

　　命題意圖：考查孩子對表示特指事物的代詞和表示泛指事物的代詞的區(qū)別，屬四星級題目。

　　知識依托：one代替單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，但泛指物。

　　錯解分析：A項選擇迷惑性較大。因人稱代詞it和不定代詞one都可以代替單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，但it指特定事物。

　　解題方法與技巧：答語中用one泛指先進(jìn)個對話者詢問的a little break。

　　答案：C

　　●錦囊妙計

　　不定代詞的種類較多，用法各異，下面分別進(jìn)行介紹。

　　1.one，some與any的用法

　　one可以泛指任何人，還可以在形容詞和that、this等詞后代替剛提過的可數(shù)名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式為ones，可用作主語和賓語；one's是它的物主代詞形式，可用作賓語；oneself是它的反身代詞形式，可用作賓語。some和any通常用作定語，都可用來修飾可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞、單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)名詞。some用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前，表示"某一"。some用于數(shù)詞前，表示"大約"。some一般用于肯定句，any多用于疑問、否定句中。例如：

　　One should wash oneself regularly.

　　This film is not as good as the one I saw yesterday.

　　He thought it over carefully and concluded that heavy objects always fell faster than light ones.

　　We have some food left.Have you any books?I don't have any books.

　　注意：①some可用于表達(dá)邀請或請求、預(yù)期的答案是肯定的或鼓勵對方給予一個肯定的答復(fù)的問句。例如：

　　Could you let me have some coffee？（請求）

　　Would you like some bananas？（邀請）

　　②some和any可用作主語和賓語。例如：

　　Some are singing，others are dancing.（主語）

　　Does any of you know Mr Wang？（主語）

　　I don't like any of the books。（賓語）

　�、踫ome，any，every，no與one，body，thing構(gòu)成的合成代詞都作單數(shù)看待。另外，some的合成代詞一般用于肯定句，any的合成代詞一般用于否定句、疑問句和條件從句。例如：

　　Did anybody ask for you outside？

　　There is somebody waiting for you.

　　2.each，every的用法

　�、賓ach強(qiáng)調(diào)個體，可以充當(dāng)賓語、定語、主語和同位語，every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，相當(dāng)于漢語的"每個都"，在句中只作定語。例如：

　　The teacher had a talk with each of them.（賓語）

　　Each of us has two boxes.（主語）

　　We have two boxes each.（同位語）

　　Each boy has a bike.（定語）

　　Every one has strong and weak points.（定語）

　�、� each所代表的數(shù)可以是兩個或兩個以上，而every所指的數(shù)必須是三個以上。例如：

　　Each of the two has won a prize.Every student in the class likes English.There is a line of trees on each side of the river.

　　3.none和no的用法：

　�、賜o=no any在句中作定語，修飾可數(shù)或不數(shù)名詞。none在句中作主語或賓語。none不能用來說明兩個人或物。例如：

　　There is no water in the well（井）.（定語）

　　None of them know the story.（主語）

　　I know none of them.（賓語）

　　②none代替不可數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；代替可數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞可用單數(shù)，也可用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：

　　None of the students are（is）afraid of difficulties。

　�、踤one不能回答who的問題，可回答how many或how much的問題，例如：

　　(誤)-Who is in the classroom？-None.(改None為No one或Nobody)

　　(正)-How many students are there in the classroom？-None.

　　4.many和much的用法

　　many和much都表示"許多"， many修飾可數(shù)名詞，much修飾不可數(shù)名詞，都可用作主語、賓語和定語。例如：

　　Many of the students often go shopping.（主語）

　　I have much to do.（賓語）

　　There is not much water in the cup.（定語）

　　much有時用作狀語，例如：

　　He likes playing football very much。（狀語）

　　5.few，little；a few，a little的用法

　�、賔ew和little表示沒有多少，含否定意義；而a few與a little表示有一些，有幾個，含肯定意義。另外，few與a few修飾可數(shù)名詞，而little與a little修飾不可數(shù)名詞，它們在句中常用作定語、主語和賓語。例如：

　　He knows a little English.（定語）

　　He has many books.But few are interesting.（主語）

　　I know a little about Japanese（賓語）

　�、赼 few，a little可以用quite或only修飾，few和 little則不能。例如：

　　-How much water is left？

　　-Only a little./Qutie a little.

　　-How many books are left？

　　-Only a few./Quite a few.

　　6.other和 another

　　other泛指"另外的"，作定語，常與復(fù)數(shù)名詞或單數(shù)不可數(shù)名詞連用，但如果前面有the，this，that，some，any，each，every，no，none，one，or以及形容詞性物主代詞時，則可與單數(shù)名詞連用。例如：all other rice，no other way，the other one，any other plant，every other day，some other reason等等。

　　others是other的復(fù)數(shù)形式，泛指"別的人或物"（但不是全部）。例如：

　　Don't lend the book to others.

　　Some are carrying water，others are watering the trees.

　　the other指"兩者中的另一個"，常與one連用，作定語修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞時，表示另一方中的"全部其余的"。例如：

　　He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.

　　the others是the other的復(fù)數(shù)形式，特指"全部其余的人或物"。例如： [!--empirenews.page--]

　　I have got ten pencils.Two of them are red，the others are blue.another指三個或三個以上中的任何一個，"現(xiàn)一……""另一個"，作代詞或形容詞。例如：

　　I don't like this dictionary.Please give me another.

　　one… the other指兩個人或物當(dāng)中的"一個"和"另外一個"；敘述三個不同的人或事物時，需用one，another，the third。例如：

　　Here are two books. One is for Mary，the other is for Jack.

　　Three boys are here.One is Dick，another is Tom and the third is David.

　　7.all和both的用法：

　　兩個詞都表示整體，但both指兩個人或物，而all指三個以上的人或物。在句中都可作主語、賓語、表語、同位語和定語。例如：

　　All of us should work hard.（主語）

　　We are all students.（同位語）

　　We both like to play football.（同位語）

　　We like both of the films.（賓語）

　　That's all for today.（表語）

　　All knowledge comes from practice.（定語）

　　注意：①all表示不可數(shù)名詞時，其謂語動詞用單數(shù)。

　�、赽oth和all加否定詞是部分否定。如果表示全部否定，要分別用 neither和 none，例如：

　　Both of us are not teachers.（部分否定）我們倆不都是老師。

　　Neither of us is a teacher.（全部否定）我們倆都不是老師。

　　All of the books are not English books.（部分否定）

　　None of the books are English books.（全部否定）這些都不是英語書。

　　8.neither和either的用法

　　neither表示兩者都不；either表示兩者中的任何一個。兩個詞都表示單數(shù)，在句子中作主語、賓語和定語。例如：

　　Neither of the answers is correct.（主語）

　　Either sentence is right.（定語）

　　I know neither of the teachers.（賓語）

　　Here are two dictionaries. You may take either.（賓語）［參考包天仁主編《高考英語語法》］

　　●殲滅難點訓(xùn)練

　　1.(★★★★★)-Do you have________at home now,Allen?

　　-No,we still have to get several pounds of fruit and some tea.

　　A.something B.everything C.anything D.nothing

　　2.(★★★★)-What do you want me to say?

　　-________you like.

　　A.Anything B.Everything C.Something D.Nothing

　　3.(★★★★)-What shall we have for dinner tonight?

　　-Oh,I don't care.________.It's your job to come up with the menus,so get on with it.

　　A.Anything will do

　　B.I won't have lessons tomorrow

　　C.I needn't to talk about it with someone

　　D.What a nice meal

　　4.(★★★★)You can buy these maps at________railway station.They all have them.

　　A.all B.every C.each D.any

　　5.(★★★★★)I don't like these.Have you________?

　　A.some B.any others C.anothers D.another ones

　　6.(★★★★★)I prefer a street in a small town to________in such a large city________Shanghai.

　　A.that;as B.one;as C.one;like D.that;like

　　7.(★★★★)She won the first prize,though________of us________it.

　　A.no one;expected B.none;had expected

　　C.nobody;was expecting D.none;would expect

　　8.(★★★★★)-Do you live________near Jim?

　　-No,he lives in another part of the town.

　　A.somewhere B.nowhere C.anywhere D.everywhere

　　9.(★★★★)-Could you drop in on me on Friday or Saturday?

　　-I'm afraid________day is possible.

　　A.either B.both C.neither D.any

　　10.(★★★★)-Which share is meant for me?

　　-You can take________half.They're exactly the same.

　　A.this B.any C.each D.either

　　11.(★★★★)-Is ________finished?

　　-Not yet.My dirty clothes are still soaking in the washing machine.

　　A.something B.anything C.nothing D.everything

　　12.(★★★★)-Excuse me,but can you tell me which road I should take to the post office?

　　-________of the four roads will do.

　　A.Any B.Neither C.Both D.Every

　　13.(★★★★★)There is only an English-Chinese dictionary in that book-shop.I wonder if you still want to buy________.

　　A.it B.one C.another D.any

　　難點 4 不可混淆的延續(xù)性動詞和非延續(xù)性動詞

　　●難點磁場

　　1.(★★★★★)-Susan married Jason last Sunday.

　　-Really? How long________each other? Not more than a week,I' m afraid.

　　A.did they know B.have they known

　　C.have they got to know D.had they known

　　2.(★★★★)Glad to see you back. How long________in Russia?

　　A.did you stay B.have you stayed

　　C.were you staying D.have you been staying

　　●案例探究

　　1.They________for 3 years.

　　A.have married B.got married

　　C.have got married D.have been married

　　命題意圖：考查動詞的延續(xù)性，屬于五星級題目。

　　知識依托：延續(xù)性動詞可與表示一段時間的時間狀語連用。

　　錯解分析：A、C項迷惑性較大，因為孩子認(rèn)為其是完成時態(tài)，但marry和get married可看作非延續(xù)性動詞和短語，故不能與表示一段時間的時間狀語連用。 [!--empirenews.page--]

　　解題方法與技巧：be married表狀態(tài)，可以看作是延續(xù)性動詞，可與表示一段時間的時間狀語連用。

　　答案：D

　　●錦囊妙計

　　1.延續(xù)性動詞可與表示一段時間的時間狀語連用，而非延續(xù)性動詞不行。

　　2.be married /be used to等表示狀態(tài)的動詞短語，可與表示一段時間的時間狀語連用。

　　3.get married/ get used to /get to know等表示動作的動詞短語不可與表示一段時間的時間狀語連用。

　　●殲滅難點訓(xùn)練

　　漢譯英

　　1.(★★★★)他參軍三年了。

　　2.(★★★★★)直到他喊出我的名字，我才認(rèn)出他。

　　3.(★★★★★)自從去年我就習(xí)慣早上5點起床。

　　難點 5 動詞-ing形式的雙重語法功能

　　動詞-ing形式可用作動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞，動名詞由動詞+ing構(gòu)成，具有動詞和名詞的性質(zhì)，在句中起名詞作用，可作主語、賓語、表語和定語�，F(xiàn)在分詞有一般時和完成時，在句中可以作定語、表語、狀語和補(bǔ)語。

　　●難點磁場

　　1.(★★★★)Though________money,his parents managed to send him to university.

　　A.lacked B.lacking of

　　C.lacking D.lacked in

　　2.(★★★★★)How about the two of us________a walk down the garden?

　　A.to take B.take

　　C.taking D.to be taking

　　3.(★★★★)________is a good form of exercise for both young and old.

　　A.The walk B.Walking

　　C.To walk D.Walk

　　4.(★★★★)-I must apologize for________ahead of time.

　　-That's all right.

　　A.letting you not know B.not letting you know

　　C.letting you know not D.letting not you know

　　●案例探究

　　1.-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.

　　-Well,now I regret________that.

　　A.to do B.to be doing

　　C.to have done D.having done

　　命題意圖：考查孩子對動詞regret的掌握，屬于四星級題目。

　　知識依托：regret doing結(jié)構(gòu)表示后悔做了某件事。

　　錯解分析：C項迷惑性較大。

　　解題方法與技巧：從對話所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容來看，在會上提反對意見的人對其行為感到后悔。

　　答案：D

　　2.________such heavy pollution already，it may now be too late to clean up the river.

　　A.Having suffered B.Suffering

　　C.To suffer D.Suffered

　　命題意圖:考查孩子對分詞的掌握，屬于五星級題目。

　　知識依托:現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時表示分詞的動作或狀態(tài)在謂語動詞所表示的動作或狀態(tài)之前發(fā)生。

　　錯解分析:B項迷惑性較大。現(xiàn)在分詞的一般時表明分詞表示的動作或狀態(tài)和句子謂語表示的動作或狀態(tài)同時發(fā)生或進(jìn)行。

　　解題方法與技巧：分清現(xiàn)在分詞的一般時和完成時所表示的含義不同。

　　答案：A

　　●錦囊妙計

　　1.動名詞

　　1）動名詞的用法：

　　①作主語。例如：

　　Seeing is believing. Collecting information is very important to business man. It is no use sitting here waiting.

　　注意：動名詞和不定式都可以作主語，動名詞作主語表示一般或抽象的多次性行為，不定式作主語往往表示具體的或一次性的動作。例如：

　　Playing with fire is dangerous.（泛指玩火）

　　To play with fire will be dangerous.(指一具體動作）

　　但在it is no use/good,not any use /good,uselss等后一般用動名詞。

　�、谧鞅碚Z。例如：

　　My job is teaching English.

　�、圩髻e語。例如：

　　He is fond of playing football.

　　He finished reading the book yesterday.

　　④作定語，a sitting room

　　2）動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的一般規(guī)則是：

　�、龠壿嬛髡Z是有生命的名詞：作主語時，必須用名詞或代詞所有格，作賓語時（尤其在口語中），也可用名詞普通格或人稱代詞賓格。例如：

　　Their coming to help us was a great encour agement to us.（主語）

　　She didn't mind Jack(him)coming late.（賓語）

　　They insist on Tom's(his)staying longer.（介賓）

　　②邏輯主語是無生命名詞時，只用名詞普通格。例如：

　　Is there any hope of our team winning the match?

　　③邏輯主語是指示代詞或不定代詞this, that, somebody, someone, nobody, none, anybody, anyone時，只用普通格。例如：

　　She was disturbed by somebody shouting outside.

　　3）動名詞的時態(tài)：動名詞的時態(tài)分一般時和完成時兩種。如果動名詞的動作沒有明確地表示出時間是與謂語動作同時發(fā)生或在謂語動作之前發(fā)生，用動名詞的一般時。例如：

　　We are interested in collecting stamps.

　　His coming will be of great help to us.

　　如果動名詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前，通常用動名詞的完成時態(tài)。例如：

　　We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.

　　但是在某些動詞或詞組后，常用動名詞的一般形式，盡管其動作是在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生。例如：

　　On hearing the bad news，she couldn't help crying.

　　I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time。

　　4）動名詞的語態(tài)：動名詞的被動語態(tài)也有一般時與完成時兩種。當(dāng)主語是這個動名詞所表示的動作對象時，動名詞用被動語態(tài)。被動語態(tài)由"being+過去分詞"或"having been+過去分詞"構(gòu)成。例如：

　　The young man came in without being noticed. He likes being helped.

　　He was afraid of being left at home. [!--empirenews.page--]

　　The house showed no sign of having been damaged.

　　有些動名詞在句中是主動形式，但有被動的含義。例如：

　　The house requires/needs/wants repairing.

　　注：在to be worth doing句型中，動名詞doing表示的是被動意義。例如：

　　If a thing is worth doing，it is worth doing well.

　　2.分詞

　　1）分詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)：

　　①分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞，現(xiàn)在分詞有一般時和完成時。一般時表示和謂語動詞所表示的動詞同時發(fā)生的動作；完成時（having +過去分詞）表示在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生的動作。例如：

　　Being a student,he was interested in books.

　　He hurried home,looking behind him as he went.

　　Having studied in the university for 3 years,he knows the place very well.

　�、诂F(xiàn)在分詞有一般時和完成時，且有主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。當(dāng)句子的主語是分詞動作的承受者時，分詞用被動語態(tài)。如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞的動作先于謂語動作，就用分詞完成時的被動形式。例如：

　　The question being discussed is of great importance.Having been criticized by the teacher,Li Ming gave up smoking.

　　過去分詞表示在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生的動作，本身有被動的含義，所以只有一般式，沒有完成時。

　　2)分詞的用法：

　�、僮鞫ㄕZ。分詞短語作定語時，放在被修飾的名詞之后；單個分詞作定語時，放在被修飾的名詞之前。例如：

　　China is a developing country.The man standing at the window is our teacher.Polluted air and water are harmful to people's health.

　　注意：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時，表示動作正在進(jìn)行或與謂語動詞所表示的動作幾乎同時發(fā)生。

　　如果兩個動作有先有后，一般不能用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，而要用定語從句。例如：

　　The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.

　　②作狀語：分詞或分詞短語作狀語時，可以表示時間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、行為方式、伴隨狀況等。例如：

　　Being too old ,he couldn't walk that far.

　　While reading the book,he nodded from time to time.(時間）

　　The teacher stood there surrounded by the students.(方式）

　　Standing on the building,you can see the whole city. （條件）

　　注意：a.分詞短語作狀語，其邏輯主語須與句子的主語一致。b.表示時間關(guān)系的分詞短語有時可由連接詞while或when引導(dǎo)。c.有時，"with(without)+名詞（或代詞賓語）+分詞"的結(jié)構(gòu)表示伴隨情況。例如：

　　The spy sat on the ground,his hands tied behind his back.

　　d.當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語不同時，分詞必須有自己的主語。例如:

　　Time permitting,I will finish another lesson.Her glasses broken,she couldn't see the words on the blackboard.

　�、圩鞅碚Z。例如：

　　The new's inspiring.You shouldn't try to stand up if you are badly hurt.

　�、茏髻e語補(bǔ)足語。例如：

　　We saw the teacher making the experiment.John will get his room painted.

　　注意：在see,hear,watch,feel,observe,have,listen to,notice等動詞后，既可以用現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，也可以用不定式構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，但兩者的含義是有差別的。用現(xiàn)在分詞表示動作正在發(fā)生（即處于發(fā)生的過程中，還沒有結(jié)束），用不定式表示動作發(fā)生了（即動作全過程結(jié)束了）。例如：

　　I saw the girl getting on the bus.

　　I saw the girl get on the bus and drive off.

　　He had his foot hurt in the fall.He had his clothes washed.(他叫別人洗了衣服）

　　We had the fire burning all day.(我們使火燃燒了一整天）

　　注意："have +賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞"表示主體使客體處于某種狀態(tài)或干什么事；"have+賓語+過去分詞"表示動作是別人做的或與主體意志無關(guān)。

　　3)過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動式及完成被動式作狀語時的比較：

　　①過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動式作狀語表示伴隨動作或行為方式時，兩者無多大區(qū)別，習(xí)慣上常用過去分詞。例如：

　　（Being)Seized with a sudden fear,she gave a scream.

　　He came in,followed by a group of students.

　　在某些情況下，二者則是有區(qū)別的。例如：

　　Badly polluted ,the water cannot be drunk.(原因）

　　Being written in haste,the composition is full of mistakes.（原因，強(qiáng)調(diào)寫的過程，故應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動式）

　　②過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動式皆表示已完成的動作，在意義上無多大區(qū)別。例如：

　�。℉aving been)weakened by storms，the bridge was no longer safe.但有時是有區(qū)別的。例如：

　　Having been deserted(拋棄）by his guide,he couldn't find his way through the jungle.（為了強(qiáng)調(diào)已完成的動作）。

　　Asked to stay,I couldn't very well refuse.（這里asked可能意味著having been asked,也可能意味著when/since I was asked，但若用having been asked，就不會有歧義）下面句子中過去分詞表示的時間與謂語動詞所表示的時間相同，所以不能代之以強(qiáng)調(diào)先于謂語動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動式。例如：

　　Covered with confusion,I left the room.我很窘地離開了房間。

　　United,we stand;divided,we fall.團(tuán)結(jié)則存，分裂則亡。

　　③有時現(xiàn)在分詞一般時的被動式與其完成時的被動式完全同義，皆表示已完成的動作，這時用一般時的被動時較好。例如：

　　Being surrounded (Having been surrounded),the enemy troops were forced to surrender.

　　4)過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞意義上的區(qū)別：及物動詞的過去分詞表示"被動、完成"（不及物動詞的過去分詞只表示"完成"），現(xiàn)在分詞表示"主動、進(jìn)行"。動作動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞所描寫的常是一種"動態(tài)"情景；其過去分詞所描寫的往往是一種靜態(tài)情景，表示動作發(fā)生后事物所處的狀態(tài)，試看下面的例子： [!--empirenews.page--]

　　When the autumn wind blows,you can see yellow leaves falling off trees.（樹葉正在下落）

　　He fell onto the fallen leaves inches thick and didn't hurt himself（落葉）

　　There stands a pine tree,covering the entrance of the cave.（正覆蓋著，表示動作）

　　We found his forehead covered with sweat.（描寫滿臉是汗的狀態(tài)）

　　●殲滅難點訓(xùn)練

　　1.(★★★★)________the big snake,the little girl stood under the tree________out of her life.

　　A.Seeing;frightened B.Seeing;frightening

　　C.Seen;frightened D.To see;frightening

　　2.(★★★★★)A:Were you busy last weekend?

　　B:Very.Rather than________time playing cards as usual,I devoted every effort to ________an advertisement.

　　A.waste;make B.wasting;making

　　C.to waste;make D.a waste of ;making

　　3.(★★★★★)The manager has had some problems________whether they should borrow the money from the banker.

　　A.to decide B.deciding

　　C.decided D.having decided

　　4.(★★★★)-How did you manage to get through the examination?

　　- ________very hard.

　　A.To work B.Working

　　C.By working D.Work

　　5.(★★★★)-What do you think of the speech?

　　-The speaker said ________nothing worth________.

　　A.nearly;listening to B.hardly;listening

　　C.scarcely;listening to D.almost;listening to

　　6.(★★★★)How many of us________a meeting is not important .

　　A.attended B.attending

　　C.to attend D.have attended

　　7.(★★★★)I hate________their complaints all day.One of these days I'll tell them what I really think.

　　A.paying attention to B.to talk about

　　C.listening to D.to have heard

　　8.(★★★★★)Nobody________any more to say,the meeting was closed.

　　A.having B.have

　　C.had D.has

　　9.(★★★★★) ________to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one's skin.

　　A.Exposed B.Having exposed

　　C.Being exposed D.After being exposed

　　10.(★★★★★)________all over the hills and around the lake are wild flowers of different kinds.

　　A.To grow B.Growing C.Grown D.Grow

　　11.(★★★★)-What's made Tommy so upset?

　　-I believe________the game.It shocked him so much.

　　A.for losing B.lost

　　C.losing D.because of losing

　　12.(★★★★)The time he has devoted in the past ten years________the disabled is now considered ________of great value.

　　A.to help;being B.to helping;to be

　　C.help;to be D.helping;being

　　13.(★★★★)He didn't seem to mind________TV while he was trying to study.

　　A.he easily watches B.his easy watching

　　C.his easily watching D.hiseasilywatched.

　　14.(★★★★)O'Neal works hard.He is often seen________heavily before his teammates have even arrived at practice.?

　　A.sweated B.to be sweated?

　　C.sweating D.being sweated?

　　15.(★★★★)________good,the food was soon sold out.?

　　A.Tasted B.Being tasted?

　　C.Tasting D.Having tasted?

　　16.(★★★★)With his son________,the old man felt unhappy.?

　　A.to disappoint B.to be disappointed?

　　C.disappointing D.being disappointed?

　　17.(★★★★★)Silver is the best conductor of electricity,copper________it closely.?

　　A.followed B.to follow C.following D.being followed

　　18.(★★★★★)-Would you mind________me the dicionary??

　　-Of couse not.But it is ________my reach.?

　　A.passing;out B.passing;beyond?

　　C.to pass;far away D.to pass;out of ?

　　19.(★★★★★)-Who gave you this message??

　　-A man________himself Mr.Zhang.?

　　A.called B.calling C.calls D.is called

　　難點6 定語從句解題的黃金規(guī)律--先行詞、關(guān)系代（副）詞的句法功能

　　在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有who, whom, whose, which, that等和關(guān)系副詞where, when ,why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中擔(dān)任句子成分。

　　●難點磁場

　　1.(★★★★)-I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.

　　-Is that the reason ________you had a few days off?

　　A.why B.when C.what D.where

　　(NMET1999)

　　2.(★★★★★)Meeting my uncle after all these was an unforgettable moment,________I will always treasure.

　　A.that B.one C.it D.what

　　(NMET2002)

　　3.(★★★★)Alec asked the policeman________he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident. (上海2002)

　　A.with him B.who C.with whom D.whom

　　4.(★★★★)There's a feeling in me________we'll never know what a UFO is.

　　A.that B.which C.of which D.what （上海2002）

　　5.(★★★★)We will be shown around the city:schools,museum,and some other places,________other visitors seldom go. [!--empirenews.page--]

　　A.what B.which C.where D.when

　　6.(★★★★)After living in Paris for fifty years,he returned to the small town________he grew up as a child.

　　A.which B.where C.that D.when

　　(NMET1996)

　　7.(★★★★★)Carol said the work would be done by October,________personally I doubt very much.

　　A.it B.that C.when D.which

　　(NMET1999)

　　8.(★★★★★)Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play,________of course,made the others unhappy.

　　A.who B.which C.this D.what

　　(NMET2000)

　　●案例探究

　　1.The film brought the hours back to me________I was taken good care of in that far-away village.

　　A.until B.that C.when D.where

　　(NMET2001)

　　命題意圖：考查孩子對定語從句的掌握，屬于五星級題目。

　　知識依托：先行詞是表示時間的詞，從句中缺少狀語，通常用關(guān)系副詞when。

　　錯解分析：本題有一定難度，主要是由于在先行詞和定語從句之間有其他的詞。

　　解題方法與技巧：首先要找準(zhǔn)先行詞，先行詞hours表示的是時間，當(dāng)先行詞是表示時間的詞時，可能有2種情況：如果從句中缺少狀語，通常用關(guān)系副詞when，如題；如果在從句中缺少主語或賓語，通常用關(guān)系代詞that或which。

　　答案：C

　　2.________is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth once every month.

　　A.It B.As C.That D.What

　　(NMET2001)

　　命題意圖：考查孩子對定語從句中關(guān)系代詞as的用法。屬于五星級題目。

　　知識依托：as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。

　　錯解分析：A項迷惑性較大。但it是形式主語，后應(yīng)用that從句作真正主語。如：It's known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.

　　解題方法與技巧：根據(jù)題干的逗號可以判斷，空缺處應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞as，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。在這種用法中，as的意思是"正像""像""那樣"，定語從句則表達(dá)了說話人的對某事的態(tài)度和看法。

　　答案：B

　　●錦囊妙計

　　1.由who, whom, whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句：這類定語從句中， who用作主語，whom用作賓語，whose用作定語。例如：

　　This is the man who helped me.

　　The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.

　　Do you know the man whose name is Wang Yu?

　　2.which引導(dǎo)的定語從句：which在從句中作主語或謂語動詞和介詞的賓語。例如：

　　This is the book which you want.

　　The building which stands near the river is our school.

　　The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.

　　3.由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句：that在定語從句中可以指人或物，在從句中作主語、謂語動詞或介詞的賓語。（但不能放在介詞后面作介詞賓語）例如：

　　The letter that I received was from my father.

　　注意在下面幾種情況下必須用that而不用which引導(dǎo)定語從句：

　　①先行詞是不定代詞all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything等。例如：All that we have to do is to practise every day.

　　②先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞更高級所修飾。例如：The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.This is the best film I've ever seen.

　　③先行詞被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some等修飾。例如：I have read all the books(that)you gave me.

　�、芟刃性~被the only,the very,the same,the last修飾時，例如：He is the only person that/(who) I want to talk to .

　　⑤先行詞既有人又有物時，例如：They talked of things and persons that they remembered.

　�、蕻�(dāng)句中已有who時，為避免重復(fù)。例如：Who is the man that is talking to John?

　　⑦用作關(guān)系代詞，修飾表示時間的名詞如day,time,moment等，代替when。例如：It happened on the day that/when I was born.

　�、嗳缬袃蓚�定語從句，其中一個關(guān)系詞已用，則另一個用that。例如：Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.

　　4.由when,where,why引導(dǎo)的定語從句。例如:

　　I know the reason why he came late.

　　This is the place where we lived for 5 years.

　　I will never forget the day when I met Mr Liu.

　　注意：先行詞是表示地點或時間時，有時用where或when，有時用that(which)引導(dǎo)定語從句，這時要根據(jù)從句的謂語動詞是及物的還是不及物的。如果是及物的就用that(which)，否則用where或when。例如：

　　This is the house where he lived last year.

　　This is the house that(which)he visited last year.

　　I thought of the happy days when I stayed in Beijing.

　　I have never forgotten the day which we spent together.

　　5.限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句：

　�、傧薅ㄐ远ㄕZ從句是句中不可缺少的組成部分，主句和從句之間不用逗號分開，引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有who,whom,whose,which,of which等，這些關(guān)系代詞都不能省略；

　�、诜窍薅ㄐ远ㄕZ從句是對主句先行詞的補(bǔ)充說明，沒有這種從句不影響主句意思的完整，一般用逗號把主句和從句分開。關(guān)系代詞用which，不用that；指人時可用who，例如：

　　I have two sisters,who are both students.

　　Crusoe's dog,which was now very old,became ill and died.

　　6.as引導(dǎo)的定語從句：

　�、賏s用作關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句，并在從句中作主語、表語或狀語，構(gòu)成the same…as,such…as等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如： [!--empirenews.page--]

　　I like the same book as you do.(as作賓語）

　　I shall do it in the same way as you did.（as作狀語）

　　I want to have such a dictionary as he has.(as作賓語）；

　　②as引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句。as在定語從句中作主語、表語或賓語，這個定語從句說明整個句子，可以放在主句之前。例如：

　　As we all know,he studies very hard.（as代表整個句子，作賓語）

　　As is known to all,he is the best student in our class.（as代表整個句子，作主語）

　　常用的這種類似插入語的句式有as is said above,as is already mentioned above,as is known to all,as it is,as is often the case,as is reported in the newspaper等。

　　注意：①關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時，從句的謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)必須和先行詞保持一致；②關(guān)系代詞whom,which,that在限定性定語從句作動詞賓語或介詞賓語，而該介詞又位于從句末尾時，經(jīng)常省略，但as一般不省略；③關(guān)系代詞which和as在定語從句中的區(qū)別是：which不能放在句首，而as則可以；在句中時，as有"正如""就像"之意，而which則沒有此意。

　　●殲滅難點訓(xùn)練

　　1.(★★★★★)Is this hotel________you said we were to stay in your letter.

　　A.where B.which C.in that D.in which

　　2.(★★★★)The wrong you've done him is terrible,for________you should make an apology to him,I think.

　　A.this B.which C.what D.that

　　3.(★★★★)We played in the garden till sunset,________it began to rain.

　　A.when B.after C.while D.then

　　4.(★★★★)I'd like a car________front lights are big and round.

　　A.which B.that C.whose D.what

　　5.(★★★★)"Who Moved My Chinese?",________is a best-selling book,is written by Spencer Johnson.

　　A.which B.that C.it D.what

　　6.(★★★★★)Is there a shop around________I can get a pack of cigarette?

　　A.which B.where C.that D. what

　　7.(★★★★)Another unmanned spacecraft"ShenzhouⅡ",________China greets the 21st century,marks new progress in the century's space program.

　　A.for which B.from which C.in which D.with which

　　8.(★★★★)Beijing government puts more than 700 million yuan to increase its green space this year,________doubles the money provided last year.

　　A.as B.while C.that D.which

　　9.(★★★★)That passenger was very impolite to the conductor,________of course,made things even worse.

　　A.who B.whom C.what D.which

　　10.(★★★★)Helen is much more kind to her youngest child than to the others,________of course,makes the others unhappy.

　　A.who B.which C.she D.that

　　11.(★★★★★)I'll never forget the days________I lived in the country with the farmers,________has a great effect on my life.

　　A.that;which B.when;which C.which;that D.when;who

　　12.(★★★★★)David gets up early and takes a walk in the morning,______is usual with him.

　　A.as B.that C.what D.such

你可能感興趣的文章

立即領(lǐng)取中小學(xué)熱門學(xué)習(xí)資料

年級: 一年級 二年級 三年級 四年級 五年級 六年級 初一 初二 初三 高一 高二 高三

學(xué)科: 語文 數(shù)學(xué) 英語 物理 化學(xué) 生物 地理 歷史 政治

點擊領(lǐng)取

*我們在24小時內(nèi)與您取得電話聯(lián)系