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高考英語各類題型中,較重要的是”閱讀理解”,通常有20道選擇題,計(jì)40分,考查重點(diǎn)是對(duì)短文或單詞,句子的理解能力。這種能力是高中英語教學(xué)的主要目標(biāo),又是提高英語水平,助力其他題型正確性的基礎(chǔ)。從某種意義上說,閱讀理解能力的高低是既是英語學(xué)習(xí)成敗之關(guān)鍵,也是高考成敗之關(guān)鍵。
本章擬對(duì)近后來”閱讀理解”的命題特點(diǎn),考察內(nèi)容及如何提高答題能力等問題試作一些分析和探討。
一、閱讀材料的特點(diǎn)
高考閱讀短文過去每年共有4篇。1995年和1996年各增為5篇,短文的體裁基本上可分為兩大類: 敘事性文體及說明性文體。其中敘事性文體又可分為幽默故事,歷史掌故,人物小傳,新聞報(bào)告等類別;說明性文體也可分為科技知識(shí),地理知識(shí),生活知識(shí),動(dòng)植物知識(shí)等科普型說明文以及諸如校園活動(dòng)安排通告類的短文。下表是1989—1996年高考英語閱讀理解短文體裁的統(tǒng)計(jì),對(duì)我們正確把握閱讀材料文體特點(diǎn)是頗有禆益的。
從表中可以看出,8年的英語高考閱讀短文中,敘事性文體和說明性文體基本上各占一半,其體裁和題材也相對(duì)穩(wěn)定。敘事性文體以幽默為主,短小,含蓄,為主要考查考生對(duì)敘述內(nèi)容的貫通把握能力,對(duì)隱含意義的推斷能力以及對(duì)幽默的領(lǐng)悟能力。這需要有較高的文化素養(yǎng)和較強(qiáng)的聯(lián)系想象能力。說明性文體以科技等知識(shí)性文章為主,它體現(xiàn)了我國英語教學(xué)目標(biāo)的一個(gè)重要方面,即英語學(xué)習(xí)的工具性作用。我國大多數(shù)孩子是學(xué)理工的,基礎(chǔ)性的科學(xué)英語應(yīng)有自己的一席之地。對(duì)這種文章的理解,往往需根要有較強(qiáng)的邏輯推理和概括綜合能力。這8年來,隨著我國經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力的不斷增強(qiáng),對(duì)外交流日益廣泛,英語教學(xué)目標(biāo)已開始從培養(yǎng)孩子的文學(xué)欣賞能力和科技閱讀能力向培養(yǎng)孩子交際能力和社會(huì)生活能力發(fā)展。1995,1996年的閱讀短文中,說明性文體的比重開始加大,而且開始選用一些應(yīng)用文體的材料,如圖書館的目錄檢索,假期活動(dòng)安排及周末文體活動(dòng)的安排等。這些內(nèi)容在教科書中很難找到,卻大量存在于生活中。對(duì)于到國外生活,學(xué)習(xí)和工作的人來說,讀懂這些文字的能力,實(shí)際上是一種生存能力,是一種基本的生活能力,需要具有助力攝取大量有效信息的能力。1995,1996年由于增加了這方面的內(nèi)容,閱讀文章的難度比以前幾年有所下降,但由于各增加一篇文章,信息大大增加,對(duì)速度的要求就高得多。另外,文章增加了,題目數(shù)量卻沒有增加,考查文章宏觀把握能因此得到了提高,有助于避免咬文嚼字,考得過細(xì),以致迷閱讀理解的本來意義。
在敘事性文章是中,人物小傳和新聞也占了較大的份額。這是因?yàn)樗鼈円彩怯⒄Z中較常用的文體。人物小傳具有傳記文學(xué)的特點(diǎn),融寫實(shí)性及文學(xué)性于一體,在人物心理,素質(zhì),背景,動(dòng)機(jī),經(jīng)歷等多方面有豐富的內(nèi)容可供考查。新聞報(bào)道是信息社會(huì)中大量接觸的閱讀材料,故高考是常有出現(xiàn)也是意料中之事。但由于新聞報(bào)告文體獨(dú)特,難易度和詞匯都容易解決好,難免失之過難或過易,難以取代幽默故事而成為敘事性文體的主流。
高考閱讀理解對(duì)于詞匯的掌握有較高的要求。這不僅表現(xiàn)在學(xué)過的詞匯要求牢固掌握,而且表現(xiàn)在這些詞匯的意義,搭配,用法常常推陳出新,不動(dòng)一番腦筋就不易讀懂,如: make out {辨別,理解},grand master{物級(jí)大師級(jí)的棋手},three out of ten {十是有三},motor engineer{汽車制造業(yè)的工程師},an exhibition climbing{展示性登山};復(fù)合詞或衍生詞常常要求考生根據(jù)學(xué)過的詞根及詞綴來判斷詞義,有的實(shí)在不易準(zhǔn)確判斷,如: silencer{消音器}, renewable{可再生的},geothermal energy{她熱能},technique{技術(shù)},anti-poison medicine{解毒藥},figure{身材}等等。
這些詞基本都是<大綱>基本詞匯,沒有超出<大綱>規(guī)定的詞匯知識(shí)及結(jié)構(gòu)知識(shí),但實(shí)際上它們的詞義和高中階斷學(xué)習(xí)的詞匯是有距離的常給理解帶來困難。如:1992{B}篇關(guān)于一次宇宙飛行的故事中,the boss對(duì)于兩個(gè)毛遂自薦的宇宙員的評(píng)價(jià)是:”they are the last people I’d trust 。{他們是我較信過的人}。”而對(duì)大多數(shù)考生卻理解為”他們是我較可信賴的人!保饬x恰好是南轅北轍。因此我們?cè)谄綍r(shí)應(yīng)多注意積累詞匯。多記常用詞的多義性,對(duì)詞根,詞綴知識(shí)也應(yīng)多加積累。
如:geothermal是由geo—{地理,地質(zhì)}和thermo{ 熱,溫度}兩個(gè)詞根組成的,掌握這些詞根知識(shí)是有助于把握詞義的。
二、閱讀理解的命題特點(diǎn)和能力要求
閱讀理解考查的主要不是句法和語法,而是多文字材料中獲取信息,發(fā)掘內(nèi)涵,并了解作者的觀點(diǎn),意圖的能力。因此,閱讀短文后的選擇題,主要考查考生的綜合及分析能力,推理能力和感受能力。
{一}綜合和分析
綜合
綜合是一種抽象思維方法,要求讀者把短文各個(gè)部分的內(nèi)容有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來,多而在整體上把握文章意義和作者意圖,是我局部到整體的思惟認(rèn)識(shí)過程。在英語高考閱讀理解中,才查綜合思維能力的選擇題通常有以下幾大類:
1、概括短文的主題,中心思想,確定文章的標(biāo)題或判斷作者的意圖等。
2、根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容判斷事情發(fā)生的邏輯順序或時(shí)間順序。
3、根據(jù)文字材料識(shí)圖。
4、根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容對(duì)文章中涉及到的人或事作出評(píng)價(jià)性判斷。
例1
On the evening of June21,a tall man with brown hair and blue eyes entered the beautiful hall of the Bell Tower Hotel in Xi’an with his bicycle。The hotel workers received him and teltphoned the manager,for they had never seen a bicyclein the hotel hall before though they lived in the hotel hall before though they lived in” the kingdom of bicycles!盵!--empirenews.page--]
Robert Friedlander an American ,arrived in Xi’an on his bicycle trip across Asia which started last December in New Delhi ,India。
When he was 11,he read the book Marco Polo and made up his mind to visit the Silk Road。Now ,after 44 yeas he was on the Silk Road in Xi’an and his early reams were coming true。
Robert Friedlander’s next destinations were Lanzhou,Dunhuang,Urumqi,etc。He will complete his trip in Pakistaan。
1,The best headline for this newspaper article would be______。
A The kingdom of Bicycles
B A beautiful Hotel IN xi’an
C Marco Polo and the Silk Road
D An American Achieving His Aims
2,F(xiàn)riedlanderis visiting the three countries in the following order:_____
A china, India, and Pakistan
B India, china, and Pakistan
C Pakistan, china, and India
D china, Pakistan, and India
3,friedlander can be said to be _______。
A clear
B friendly
C hardworking
D strong-minded
這三題都是考查綜合能力的,要求在綜合全文的基礎(chǔ)上作出判斷,短文敘述了一位55歲的美國男子,從11歲就向往著重走”絲綢之路”,終于在1992年開始了他的印度---中國---巴基斯坦的自行車旅行,這種旅行是需要決心,意志和毅力的。這樣,在綜合所有信息以后,可得出正確答案為1 {D},2{B},3{D}。
例2
Benin
Benin is one of the smallest African states。 It lies in west Africa on the gulf{海灣} of guinea, to the south of Burkina Faso and Niger, between Togo on the west and Nigeria on the east。
Benin used to be called Dahomey and was controlled and ruled by France from 1893 to 1960 , when it became independent {獨(dú)立} ,in 1963 the army general Soglo overthrew {推翻} the first president Maga。 Soglo set up an army government and replaced{ 取代},by a civilian{非軍人} ,government in 1967。 in December 1969 Benin had another change of power with the army again taking over{接管} 。 in may 1970, Maga and two other men set up a new government, with each of them acting as president in turn for two years。 However, half a year after Maga turned over power to the second man ahomadegbe, the three-man government was overthrow by the army once more and general kerekou became president。 In November 1795 kerekou changed the name of the nation from Dahomey to benin ,benin being the name of a 17th century kingdom covering the same place 。 kerekou also announced that benin would be a people’s republice based on Marxism-lenimism。
1、which of the following maps shows rightly the positions of benin and its neighbouring countries?
{Bn=Benin; TG=Togo; Nr=Niger;BF=Burkina Faso; Na=Nigeria;GG=Gulf of Guinea}
2、choose the right order in which the following people ruled in Benin。
{AH=Ahomadgbe; Ke=kerekou; Ma=Maga; So=Soglo}
A so,ma ah ma ke
B ma so ma ke ah
C so ma ke ma ah
D ma so ma ah ke
3、when and how did benin get its two names----benin and dahomey?
A dahomey was its oldest name, but it has been replaced by benin。
B benin was its oldest name。 The name dahomey was used later , but gas been replaced by benin again。
C benin was its oldest name。 The benin was used later ,but has been replaced by dahomey again。
D benin was its oldest name ,but it has been replaced by dahomey。
這兒的三個(gè)題目中, 先進(jìn)題為識(shí)圖題,綜合一下短文先進(jìn)段內(nèi)容,可知內(nèi)寧位于非洲西部,瀕臨幾內(nèi)亞灣,在burkina faso 和niger 之南,其西為togo,其東為nigeria ,所到之處以{c}為正確答案,第二,三題要復(fù)雜些,必須首先對(duì)二段進(jìn)行分析,了解該國政權(quán)更迭的情況和順序以及該國的歷史變遷。該國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人從1960年首位總統(tǒng)Maga 開始,到1975年真馬似地共有五任。盡管頭緒繁多,線索還是比較清楚的。第二題正確答案是{D}。從文中知道,該國另一個(gè)名字-----達(dá)荷馬-----是法國殖民統(tǒng)治時(shí)的產(chǎn)物,在這以前,原址有上個(gè)國家叫內(nèi)寧。1975年,民族主義政府將國家名稱恢復(fù)為內(nèi)寧。因此第三題答案是{ B}。[!--empirenews.page--]
分析
從例2可以看出,綜合往往是以分析為基礎(chǔ)的,沒有分析就無法綜合,二者緊密聯(lián)系的。其實(shí),閱讀理解往往是沿著”分析——綜合,再分析——再綜合……。”的軌跡前進(jìn)的。因此,提高閱讀理解能力的根本途徑,是提析能力。
分析也是一種抽象思維方法。分析短文是短文分析解成若干部分,并分別或僅對(duì)某一部分加以研究,是一種由表及里,從整體到局部,去偽存真,去粗存精的思維認(rèn)識(shí)過程。因此我們對(duì)短文進(jìn)行分析,并不僅僅是機(jī)械地將短文分解成若干部分,更重要的是要搞清各部分的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,事情發(fā)展的前因后果及規(guī)律。
閱讀理解過和是經(jīng)常使用的分析方法大致有如下幾種:
1、定性分析。 閱讀理解中,較重要的分析方法是定性分析,這是語言的描述性功能所決定的。所謂定性分析就是針對(duì)某一特定內(nèi)容作出判斷分析,用較能說明這一特定內(nèi)容本質(zhì)特點(diǎn)的詞語加以表達(dá),而這些詞語又不能是短文中的原話。
例3
kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person a person the desire to steal 。 such a person is not really a thief。 They are sick and can not help themselves……
which of the following words can best replace the word desire in the first sentence ?
A change B power C right D wish
通過上下文,或?qū)卧~desire的所了解,是容易斷定desire的意思是”欲望”的,因此正確答案是{D}對(duì)于單詞,句子進(jìn)行定性分析的時(shí)時(shí)時(shí)候,絕不能脫離其上下文。不認(rèn)真推敲上下文,就不能準(zhǔn)確地作出判斷。
例4
I had just gone to had after very hard day when the phone rang。 It was an eccentric farmer。 I had never met him before although I had often heard people take about him。 He sounded quite nervous and he had been talking for a minute or so before I understood anything。 Even then all I could make out was that someone called Milly had a had accident 。 I hadn’t the slightest idea who she was but I obviously had to go 。
It had been snowing heavily that day and I didn’t know the way。 I had been driving for at least an hour when I finally found his place。 He was standing there , waiting for me 。it seemed Milly had died。 “she meant more to me than anyone……even my own wife! He said 。 I could see that he had been crying 。 I thought something terrible had taken place , a possible scandal。 I was even more shocker when he told me he had put her in the barn !盜 wouldn’t leave her out in the cold! He said 。
Milly had clearly been a secret lover of his 。 I was about to tell him he could not expect me to cover anything up when he opened the barn door。 He lifted his candle and I saw a dark figure on the ground !眘he was suck a good cow。” I wouldn’t let anyone but a doctor touch her! She said ,and burst into tears again。
1、the person who told the story is probably a ________。
A farmer
B policeman
C country doctor
D newspaper reporter
2、the underlined phrase make out in the first paragraph means________
a expect b understand c see clearly d hear clearly
先進(jìn)題的答案我們地閱讀過程是一直是模模糊糊的,直到較后才能確定,應(yīng)該為{C}。在第二題中,短語make out 的詞典意義是 “辨認(rèn)出”和 “理解”的意思,一般人容易想到{C},{D}兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)。上下文告訴我們,這是一項(xiàng)電話約請(qǐng)醫(yī)生出診,所以{C}可以排除。但至此還不能輕易二結(jié)論。仔細(xì)推敲一下上下文,就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn){D}項(xiàng)中的副詞clearly 有點(diǎn)不對(duì)勁。這位怪僻的農(nóng)夫焦燥不安,語無倫次,根本就沒把話說清楚。醫(yī)生只是模模糊糊地了解到有一個(gè)人出了車禍,要他去搶救。如果他聽得清清楚楚,后面還會(huì)鬧這么大的誤會(huì)嗎。認(rèn)真分析短文以后,我們只能舍{D}。正確的是{B}。
例5
the idea of fighting a noise by making more noise sounds strange, but that’s exactly what motor engineers are doing in Germany and some other countries。
Carmaker’s research and development laboratories have already proved that mixing in more noise with the help of loud-speakers can reduce the unwanted noise。
Physicists have known about the technique for a long time。 Sound is made up of pressure waves in the air 。if two sound waves of the same frequency mix so that the highest point of one wave happens at the same time with the lowest point of one wave, the result is no sound 1 therefore ,by producing a perfect copy of the noise and delaying it by half a wave cycle ,we can kill the unwanted noise。 Using this teaching many carmakers are racing to develop noise-killing system both inside and outside the cars[!--empirenews.page--]
Another good thing about the of noise killing system is that 2 it saves the need for a silencer , which not only reduces the weight of a car ,but also makes the motor burn less oil work better。
Some engineers believe that the noise-killing system will be used in most cars in 1996。 but the carmakers haven’t decided if they will put it into production because it would add several hundred dollars to the cost of their cars 。
1、which of the following gives a general idea of how the noise-killing system works?
A by producing pressure waves going in the opposite direction。
B by mixing high frequency sound waves with low frequency sound waves。
C by making copies of the unwanted sound waves and letting them out a little late。
D by mixing new sound waves with the noise and sending them out together。
2、besides its main function the noise killing system can _______。
A make a car lighter
B make a car quieter
C reduce the cost of a silencer
D improve the performance of a silencer。
這篇文章談的是消除噪音的方法,有一定的難度。特別是先進(jìn)題,稍不謹(jǐn)慎就容易弄錯(cuò)。根據(jù)4個(gè)選項(xiàng)分析短文中相應(yīng)的內(nèi)容,可知文中沒有談到消音時(shí)聲波的方向問題,故可排除{A};文是明確提到這種原理的基本點(diǎn)是頻率相同的聲波,故{B}也可以排除;文中確實(shí)談到: mixing in more noise with the help of loudspeakers can reduce the unwanted noise 。但沒有談將兩種noise 混合后同時(shí)放出來,所以{D}也不對(duì);較后看一下{C},它的意思是;“復(fù)制待消除的噪聲然后將其比原噪音稍晚一點(diǎn)放出! 應(yīng)選{C},再看第二個(gè)問題reduces the weight of a car 的意思就是makes a car lighter,所以{A}是正確的答案,其他的也就不再看了。
定性分析的方法大量地,廣泛地應(yīng)用在閱讀理解中,任何人做閱讀理解訓(xùn)練和診斷都會(huì)自覺不自覺地運(yùn)用這一方法。考查這種能力的題目是舉不勝舉的。上述幾個(gè)例子都是就某一關(guān)鍵句子或段落進(jìn)行判斷性分析,有點(diǎn)像英語學(xué)習(xí)中的paraphrase。 實(shí)際上,定性分析也有于整篇文章的。
例6
scientists would like to place a huge mirror in space above the earth。 it might be sixty miles wide。 It would direct the sun’s rays upon the earth s a child might do to make sunlight dance on the wall with a hand mirror。
Why do they want to do this ? the sun’s rays could be helpful in many ways 。 they could light up cities by light 。
The warn rays could stop frosts which might come at night and hurt fruit crops。 They could melt dangerous icebergs in the ocean。 Perhaps they could change cloud movements and bring rain where it is needed。 The huge mirror is ______
A sth in a story B already made C just an idea D to made soon
文章先進(jìn)句話就說:“科學(xué)家們想要在地球上方的太空中安放一面鏡子!钡臎]有一處文字可以幫助斷定這面鏡子是已經(jīng)造就了,還是即將造就,或僅僅是一個(gè)夢(mèng)想。因此,,僅根據(jù)文字無法做出判斷,還必須分析一下作者的語氣。作者全文基本運(yùn)用了虛擬語氣,說明在可預(yù)見的將來,這種可能性是很小的。比較一下幾個(gè)可能的選項(xiàng),自然( c )是較好的答案。
定性分析作為一種判斷性分析,解決的是”是什么”的問題。在閱讀理解中,我們還經(jīng)常接觸到數(shù)量問題,這就需要運(yùn)用定量分析的方法了。
2、定量分析。定量分析在科學(xué)測(cè)量和實(shí)驗(yàn)中得到廣泛的運(yùn)用,但在閱讀理解中就遠(yuǎn)沒有定性分析那么重要。定量分析主要用于閱讀科技短文等說明文的場合。
例7
Do you always understand the direction on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by “take only as directed”? Read the following directions and see if you understand them。
“To reduce pain, take two tablets(藥片)with water ,followed by one tablet every eight hours ,asrequired。 For night time and early morning relief(緩解疼痛)take two tablets at bedtime 。Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours。
For children six to twelve years old ,give half the amount(量)。 For children under six years old, ask your doctor’s advise。 [!--empirenews.page--]
Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness of sleeplessness after taking the medicine”
1、How many tablets at most can a person over 12 have in 24 hours?
(A)Three (B)Four (C)Six (D) Eight
2、How many tablets should a nine-year-old child normally take in 24 hours?
(A)Half a tablet (B)One tablet (C)Two tablets (D)Four tablets
3、This text is most probably taken form a _________。
(A)textbook (B)newsreel (C)doctor’s notebook (D)bottle of medicine
以上第1、2兩題為定量分析題,第3題為定性分析題。文章2、3、4三小節(jié)的行文格式。措施語氣,都是藥品說明書的寫法,所以第3題正確答案應(yīng)為(D)。對(duì)于第1、2兩題,應(yīng)先仔細(xì)分析2、3兩小節(jié)的內(nèi)容。 第2小節(jié)是針對(duì)成年人的,先談了兩種用藥的方法較后警告服用者24小時(shí)內(nèi)不得服用超過6片的計(jì)量。因此,6片是24小時(shí)內(nèi)所能服用的較大劑量。第3小節(jié)是針對(duì)未成年人的,6-12歲兒童服用此藥是劑量應(yīng)減半。根據(jù)第2小節(jié)的說明,采用先進(jìn)種用藥方法,成年人24小時(shí)內(nèi)應(yīng)服用5片,采用第二種用藥方法,成年人24小時(shí)內(nèi)應(yīng)服用4片,9歲的兒童用藥減半,應(yīng)為2—2.5片。因此,這兩題的正確答案為:1、(D),2、(C)。
研究定性分析時(shí)我們用的例2是1990年的高考閱讀理解(D)篇(見第161頁),它還有兩個(gè)選擇題,均為定量分析題目,F(xiàn)分析如下:
4、For how long was Benin under France?
(A)For over a century (B)For roughly a century
(C)For over half a century (D)Under half a century
根據(jù)中文介紹,法國統(tǒng)治貝寧的時(shí)間為1893---1960年,共67年,所以(C)為正確答案。
5、For how long was Benin an independent state before it became a People’s Republic?
(A)15years (B)25 years (C )20 years (D)30years
文章較后部分談到貝寧的軍隊(duì)首領(lǐng)Kerekou成為總統(tǒng)后,更改國名,并宣布貝寧將成為人民共和國。那是1975年,距1990年正好15年,故正確答案應(yīng)為(A)。
3、因果分析。在閱讀理解中,我們還應(yīng)重視短文各部分之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,弄清事情發(fā)展的前因后果和規(guī)律,這就要求我們?cè)陂喿x中注意因果關(guān)系的分析,多問幾個(gè)為什么。
在閱讀理解的選擇題中,要求進(jìn)行因果關(guān)系分析的功課是十分常見的。
例8
Frank Smithson woke up and leaned over to turn off the alarm clock, “Oh,no!” he thought to himself !盇nother day at that office ;a boss who shouts at me all the time!
What do we know about Frank ?
(A) He was a lazy man
(B) He was a lucky person
(C) He didn’t make a lot of money
(D) He didn’t get on well with his boss
短短幾句描述,F(xiàn)rank不喜歡他那份工作的心情躍然紙上,然而他不喜歡去辦公室的原因卻不能憑空想象,必須在短文中找到根據(jù),只有正確分析選項(xiàng)和短文內(nèi)容的關(guān)系才能做對(duì)這道選擇題。正確答案應(yīng)為(D)。
要求進(jìn)行因果分析的功課大量地是先給出短文中的一個(gè)事實(shí),然后要求選出正確的原因。
例9
most animal have little connection with animals of a different kind, unless they hurt them for food。 Sometimes, however, two kinds of animals come together in a partnership{伙伴關(guān)系} which does good to both of them。 You may have noticed some birds sitting on the backs of sheep。 This is not because they want a ride , but because they find easy food in the parasites{寄生蟲} on sheep。 The sheep allow the birds to do so because they remove the cause of discomfort。 So although they can manage without each other, they do better together。
1、Some birds like to sit on a sheep because________
A they can eat its parasites。
B they depend on the sheep for existence。
C they enjoy traveling with the sheep。[!--empirenews.page--]
D they find the position most comfortable
2、The underlined word “they” in the last sentence refers to _______--
A birds and parasites B birds and sheep C parasites and sheep D sheep, birds and parasites
先進(jìn)題為因果分析題,短文中有證據(jù)說明選項(xiàng){C},{D}不是鳥兒棲息在羊背上的真正原因,可以排除;進(jìn)一步分析一下短文,鳥兒和羊如果分開并不影響它們的生存,因此{(lán)B}項(xiàng)也可排除。正確的是{A},文中可以找到支持這一判斷的表述。第二題為定性分析。此外不再贅言,答案應(yīng)選{B}。
3、比較分析。 討論分析的方法時(shí),不可不討論另一種重要的分析方法----比較分析法。 比較分析之所以重要,是因?yàn)殚喿x理解對(duì)能力進(jìn)行考查的所有題目都以選擇題的形式出現(xiàn)的,要選出正確答案就得首先對(duì)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行比較分析,進(jìn)而對(duì)閱讀短文中相應(yīng)的文字材料進(jìn)行比較分析。因此,做閱讀理解題時(shí),不管我們采取哪種思維方式,都少不了比較分析這一環(huán)節(jié)
例10
The basenji is a central African hunting dog。 It comes from a country called Chad, which is in the north of the Central African Republic。 The basenji was well-known as the “silent dog” because for centuries no basenjis had ever been known to bark。 Then at a dog show in London in 1953, a basenji actually barked。
As well as being clever, basenjis are known for their natural courage and are still popular hunting dogs in Africa 。 but in America people keep them mainly because they are gentle and full of fun。 The basenji has an unusual habit ; it washes itself all over like a cat 。 it is a middle-sized dog 。16 or 17 inches high from the shoulder 。 it weighs about 20 pounds。 A basenji’s coat is short and silkly。 It may be brown, white, or, a mixture of these three colours。
1、what made basenjis so special?
{A} They were funny enough to make people laugh。
{B} one of them barked at a dog show in London。
{C} they were a true friend of man。
{D} they were born quiet dogs。
2、Americans like basenjis because they are_________
A pleasant B pretty C clean D quite
這兒,先進(jìn)題為定性分析題,第二題為因果分析題。但是由于兩題中所有選項(xiàng)孤立看都求易作出判斷,就得靠比較分析解決問題了。試比較先進(jìn)題的4個(gè)選項(xiàng),除了{(lán)B}項(xiàng)外都是basenji這一類犬的重要基本特征,似乎哪一項(xiàng)都言之有理。但緊扣題干中的關(guān)鍵詞special 進(jìn)行比較,就不難看出正確答案是{D}。 因?yàn)槿澜缬袩o數(shù)種類的狗,幾乎沒有不會(huì)吠的,而其他選項(xiàng)中表述的特征它們或多或少都具備,只有{D}項(xiàng)表述特征才是basenji這種狗的獨(dú)特之處,第二題的題目要容易一些,盡管4選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容都有關(guān)basenji的特點(diǎn),但短文是明確提到美國人鐘愛狗的原因是因?yàn)樗鼈冃郧闇睾,富有情趣,所以比較下來,正確的應(yīng)該是{A}。
{二}推理
閱讀理解的過程是一個(gè)不斷地形成概念和判斷的過程,但這不夠,還常常需要我們從一個(gè)或幾個(gè)已有的判斷得出另一個(gè)新判斷。這是推理。推理所根據(jù)的判斷叫做推理的結(jié)論。
例11
Fat on human beings is distributed in different ways。 Some fat people have a large stomach and waistline, which makes them look round, rather like apples。 Others are fatter below the waist , which makes them appear pear-shaped。
There are two types of fat: external fat {fat under the skin} and internal fat {fat inside the body wall}。 Doctors , who have been examining the relationship between health and fatness, have found that the “ pears” have less internal fat, but the “apples” have more internal fat than external fat 。 this seems to be what causes the health problems。
The best treatment for fatness is to reduce the internal fat。 But unfortunately it seems that dieting simply make an apple-shaped person into a smaller apple and a pear-shaped person into a smaller pear。 At the moment there is no known way of reducing the internal rather than external fat。
When a pear-shaped person becomes thinner, he/she loses more_______。
{A} internal fat than external fat
{B} external fat than internal fat
{C} fat above the waist[!--empirenews.page--]
{D} fat below the waist
這是一個(gè)比較典型的推理題,通過閱讀,我們認(rèn)識(shí)到;人體脂肪有兩種,體內(nèi)深處脂肪和皮下脂肪,體內(nèi)深處的脂肪多會(huì)引起健康問題,因此減肥主要應(yīng)減少這種脂肪。至于肥胖者中有蘋果體形和梨形體型之分,主要是他們體內(nèi)脂肪分布的位置和比例不同而已。蘋果體形比梨形體形問題嚴(yán)重。根據(jù)短文較后一段的內(nèi)容,我們可以得出兩個(gè)推理:
{1}凡減肥者都無法有效地減少其體內(nèi)深處脂肪。選擇題內(nèi)提到的梨形者是減肥者。所以, 形體形者是無法有效地減少其內(nèi)深處脂肪。
{2} 減肥者減少的主要是皮下脂肪。選擇題內(nèi)提到的梨形者是減肥者。所以梨形者減少的主要是皮下脂肪。
以上兩個(gè)推理都是三段論,各含三個(gè)簡單判斷,其中一,二,兩個(gè)判斷是推理的根據(jù),叫做前提,即大前提和小前提,第三個(gè)判斷是推理的結(jié)論。根據(jù)推理的結(jié)論,正確的是{B}。
人類的認(rèn)識(shí)是一個(gè)由特殊到一般又由一般到特殊的無限反復(fù)的發(fā)展過程。根據(jù)人類認(rèn)識(shí)過程的這一特點(diǎn),邏輯學(xué)上一般把推理分為兩大類:從特殊性的前提概括出一般性結(jié)論的推理叫做歸納推理;從一般性性前提到特殊的結(jié)論的推理叫演繹推理。上面談到的兩個(gè)三段論,是一般到特殊推理,所以是演繹推理。演繹推理是一種必然性的推理,是邏輯證明的工具。總計(jì)閱讀理解中的推理主要是演繹推理,有時(shí)也有歸納推理。
例12
we walked in so quietly that the nurse at the desk didn’t even lift her eyes from the book。 Mum pointed at a big chair by the door and I knew she wanted me to sit down。 While I wanted mouth open in surprise , mum took off her hat and coat and gave them to me to hold ,she pushed the mop past the desk and as the nurse looked up ,mum nodded and said, “very dirty floors。”
“yes ,I am glad they’ve finally decided to clean them! The nurse answer。 She looked at mum strangely and said , “but aren’t you working late?”
mum just pushed harder, each wipe of the mop taking her father and father down the hall。 I wanted until she was out of sight and the nurse had turned back to writing in the big book。
After a long time mum came back 。her eyes were shining。 She quickly put the mop back and took my hand。 As we turned to go out of the door, mum bowed politely to the nurse and said, “thank you”。
Outside, mum told me : “Dagmar is fine。 No fever!
“Yes saw her, mum?”
“of course。 I told about the hospital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow。 Dad will stop worrying as well。 It’s a fine hospital。 But such floors。 A map is so good。 You need a brush!
1、when the nurse talked to mum she thought mum was a ________
A nurse B visitor C patient D cleaner
2、after reading the story what can we infer about the hospital?
A it is children’s
B it has strict rules about visiting hours。
C the conditions there aren’t very good。
D the nurse and doctor there don’t work hard。
3、from the text we know that Dagmar is most likely _________
A the story-teller’s sister
B mum’s friend
C the story-teller’s classmate
D Dad’s boss
根據(jù)短文中護(hù)士的言談和舉止判斷,她把mum 當(dāng)成了清潔工所以先進(jìn)題應(yīng)是{D},但我們知道她是怎么弄錯(cuò),錯(cuò)在什么地方呢? 原來她作出一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的三段論。
{1}凡清掃樓面的人都是清潔工。
{2}Mum清掃樓面的人。
{3}所以,Mum 是清潔工。
這三段論的致命缺陷是,大前提到的清掃樓面的人實(shí)際上的是醫(yī)院工作人員,而小前提中的Mum卻并不是醫(yī)院工作人員{這一點(diǎn)護(hù)士當(dāng)然不知道}。 從語言方面看,這個(gè)推理只有三個(gè)不同的語詞,但從概念方面看,卻有四個(gè)不同的概念{兩個(gè)前提中 “清掃樓面的人”分屬不同的概念}。這在邏輯上稱為 “四概念”的錯(cuò)誤,我們?cè)谶M(jìn)行演繹推理時(shí)一定要注意避免這種錯(cuò)誤。另外,這個(gè)三段的大前提是護(hù)士從經(jīng)驗(yàn)中歸納而來的。她多次見到清潔工清掃樓面,于是以偏概全地得出結(jié)論:凡是清掃樓面的都是清潔工。這是輕率的概括,邏輯上叫做 “jump to the conclusion”, 是歸納推理的大忌。她再把這不可靠的結(jié)論當(dāng)作演澤推理的前提,豈有不錯(cuò)之理?[!--empirenews.page--]
第二題屬歸納推理題,可用典型事例歸納加以解決。重溫一下先進(jìn)小節(jié),許多細(xì)節(jié)的敘述能給我們新的啟示。值班護(hù)士為什么見人連頭都不抬?Mum為什么一進(jìn)去就讓記者坐在椅子上,自己卻脫下用衣帽,輕手輕腳進(jìn)入電梯房的工具間,拿出清掃工具拖地呢?認(rèn)真做一下因果關(guān)系分析,合乎邏輯的解釋是:探視病人的時(shí)間已經(jīng)過去,值班護(hù)士不再接待病人家屬,也不會(huì)再入任何探視者入內(nèi),Mum大概已經(jīng)碰到釘子,知道醫(yī)院規(guī)定嚴(yán),無法通融,才會(huì)想出冒充清潔工入內(nèi)這一 “滑頭”的主意 。
這一典型事例雖然是個(gè)別的,少數(shù)的,但它卻反映了事情的本質(zhì),使得我們以從這一別事例中概括出一個(gè)普遍性的一般結(jié)論:醫(yī)院在探視時(shí)間這一原則問題上,對(duì)任何都沒有破過例。然后,我們?cè)侔堰x項(xiàng){B}和其他幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行比較分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)除了{(lán)B}以外其他幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)都缺乏吸可靠的論據(jù)加以支持。因此正確答案應(yīng)是{B}。
第三題是一個(gè)簡單推理題,將住院者Dagmar可能的4種身份加以分析,比較,能使敘述者及敘述者父母都牽掛并顯示出濃濃親情的,選項(xiàng){A}表述的是較好答案。這種推理的前提只有一個(gè),即住院者和關(guān)心她的人三人之間的關(guān)系。只有一個(gè)前提的推理叫簡單推理。在閱讀理解中,這種簡單推理出現(xiàn)的頻率相當(dāng)高,由于實(shí)際運(yùn)用中沒有多大困難,準(zhǔn)確性也較高,此外不再展開。
{三} 感受
高考考查的閱讀能力中,還包括讀者的感受能力。閱讀是作者和讀者之間無聲的心靈交流,閱讀過程就是讀者不斷揣摸作者意圖和思路,不斷提出假設(shè)和加以驗(yàn)證的過程。文化素養(yǎng)較高的人之所以容易與作者產(chǎn)生共鳴,就是因?yàn)樗麄兊男摒B(yǎng)和功底使他們具備了一種直覺,能迅速感受到作者的心聲,或感覺到幽默及比喻的微妙和精到。這種能力實(shí)際上是一種創(chuàng)造能力和美學(xué)欣賞能力,在閱讀是感受能力是一種高層次的能力。
在閱讀過程中,感受能力一般表現(xiàn)為如下幾種:
1、根據(jù)文章的基調(diào)領(lǐng)悟作者意圖,情感態(tài)度以及一些弦外之音的能力。
2、領(lǐng)會(huì)幽默,夸張,嘲諷,嘲笑,怒罵等各種風(fēng)格的能力。
3、理解比喻,象征等修辭手?jǐn)嗟哪芰Α?/p>
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