高考英語語法要點(六)：不定式/-ing形式/過去分詞作定語

一、不定式作定語

不定式作定語要放在它所修飾的名詞之后，表示一個將來的動作，即不定式的動作發(fā)生在謂語之后。多用來修飾have、there be、with之后的名詞，表示“有…要…”或修飾“the+序數(shù)詞”。注意：不定式作定語，被修飾的詞是不定式動作發(fā)生的時間、地點、工具或?qū)ο髸r，要加上適當?shù)慕樵~。如：

1. When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person ________.

A. to send                         B. for sending it

C. to send it to                   D. for sending it to

【分析】答案選C。the person是send it的對象，可理解為to send it to the person。

2. There are five pairs ________, but I’m at a loss which to choose.

A. to be chosen                  B. to choose from

C. to choose                      D. for choosing

【分析】答案選B。是“有五雙可選擇”即“從這五雙中選擇一雙”而不是“選擇五雙”。

3. After she considered the problem, she got a tall box to stand ________.

A. by                                 B. on

C. up                                 D. with

【分析】答案選B。a tall box是stand的地方，即stand on the tall box。

4. Then there are always people to ________ if you fell like a chat.

A. talk to                             B. talk

C. speak about                     D. speak

【分析】答案選A。people是talk的對象，即talk to people。

二、分詞作定語

單個的分詞放在所修飾的名詞前(left等除外)，分詞短語放在所修飾的名詞后。被修飾的名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞在邏輯上是主動關(guān)系，現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在發(fā)生或與謂語同時發(fā)生；被修飾的名詞與過去分詞在邏輯上是被動關(guān)系，過去分詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語之前或沒有時間性。注意：現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式通常只作狀語，而不能作定語。如：

1. The flowers ________ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.

A. to smell                           B. smelling

C. smelt                               D. to be smelt

【分析】答案選B。“發(fā)出香味”與“吸引游客”是同時發(fā)生的，排除表示將來的不定式，即A和D；又因為the flowers與smell (發(fā)出…味)是主動關(guān)系，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語。

2. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures ________ in your mind instead of before your eyes.

A. to form                           B. form

C. forming                           D. having formed

【分析】答案選C。form作“出現(xiàn)、產(chǎn)生”解，是不及物動詞，pictures與form是主動關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，表示“圖畫出現(xiàn)”與“有”同時發(fā)生。注意：這與表示“有…要…”的不定式不同。

3. The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the ________.

A. 20 dollars remained            B. 20 dollars to remain

C. remained 20 dollars            D. remaining 20 dollars

【分析】答案選D。remain 是不及物動詞，其過去分詞無被動含義，用remaining (剩下的)作定語，修飾20 dollars。remaining 20 dollars =20 dollars left

4. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, ________ as 3M.

A. knowing                           B. known

C. being known                     D. to be known

【分析】答案選B。因為the…company與know是被動關(guān)系，所以用過去分詞短語作定語，known as 3M = which was known as 3M。

5. The picture ________ on the wall is painted by my nephew.

A. having hung                      B. hanging

C. hangs                               D. being hung

【分析】答案選B。hang作“某物懸掛 / 吊在某處”解，是不及物動詞，the picture與hang是主動關(guān)系，用hanging作定語。

6. The disc, digitally ________ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. (上海卷)

A. recorded                           B. recording

C. to be recorded                   D. having recorded

【分析】答案選A。the disc(唱片)與record(錄制)是被動關(guān)系，且record發(fā)生在謂語sounded之前，而不是之后，所以不用不定式，而用過去分詞作定語。

7. The first textbooks ________ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16 th century.

A. having written                   B. to be written

C. being written                     D. written

【分析】答案選D。textbooks與write是被動關(guān)系，且write發(fā)生在謂語came out(出版)之前，而不是之后，所以不用不定式，而要用過去分詞作定語。

8. The Olympic Games, ________ in 776 B. C, did not include women players until 1912.

A. first playing                         B. to be first played

C. first played                          D. to be first playing

【分析】答案選C。The Olympic games與play是被動關(guān)系，排除A和D；不定式的被動式，表示未來的動作，排除B。

9. —How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers? (02北京卷)

—The key ________ the problem is to meet the demand ________ by the customers.

A. to solving, making                B. to solving, made

C. to solve, making                   D. to solve, made

【分析】答案選B。key to(…的關(guān)鍵)中to是介詞，應(yīng)接動名詞，排除C和D；又因名詞demand與make是被動關(guān)系(made demands提出要求)，另有by這一標志詞暗示，用過去分詞作定語。

三、to be done, being done, done作定語的區(qū)別

to be done表示將來，being done表示目前正在發(fā)生，done表示過去己經(jīng)發(fā)生。如：

The meeting to be held tomorrow is important. 明天要開的會很重要。

The meeting being held now is important. 現(xiàn)在正在開的這個會很重要。

The meeting held yesterday was important. 昨天開的那個會議很重要。

五、動名詞作定語

動名詞作定語只放在名詞前，說明該名詞的性能或用途，不表動作，被修飾的名詞與動名詞在邏輯上沒有主謂關(guān)系。如drinking water =water for drinking飲用水，climbing shoes =shoes for climbing登山鞋。