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作文是英語(yǔ)高考的重頭戲,每年作文的類(lèi)型和主題也不盡相同,作文分?jǐn)?shù)的高低也直接影響著英語(yǔ)成績(jī)的高低,因此英文作文的準(zhǔn)備也就成了每年英語(yǔ)準(zhǔn)備的重點(diǎn)之一。下面我就不同的文體來(lái)講解一下如何打造英語(yǔ)作文:
一、各種類(lèi)型作文的特點(diǎn)
★圖表作文
1.仔細(xì)審題,看懂圖表的意思,整理要點(diǎn),決定語(yǔ)言形式;
2.開(kāi)頭直截了當(dāng),盡快入題,不要拐彎抹角,拖泥帶水;
3.行文一般以10個(gè)句子為宜。若用少于8句話(huà)來(lái)表達(dá),句子容易表達(dá)不清;若用多于10句話(huà)來(lái)描述,則句子零亂與瑣碎,文章缺乏整體感;
4.用較有把握的詞語(yǔ)句型將規(guī)定內(nèi)容加以表達(dá),并根據(jù)圖表大意議論;
5.應(yīng)按照合理順序,適當(dāng)使用一些過(guò)渡性的連接詞,將句子連珠成串;
6.結(jié)尾要干凈利落,既不能拉雜,也不能草率,要顯得自然,恰當(dāng)?shù)皿w。
★提示議論文
文章開(kāi)頭,能依據(jù)提示確立主題句(topic)闡明觀點(diǎn)或看法;使用連接詞分開(kāi)次說(shuō)明理由、緣由(supporting sentences);歸納總結(jié),首尾呼應(yīng)。做到論點(diǎn)正確無(wú)誤;論據(jù)可靠充分。論據(jù)可以是人們公認(rèn)的真理,也可以是經(jīng)過(guò)實(shí)踐考證的經(jīng)典著作;論證合理嚴(yán)密。常用論證法有歸納法、推理法、對(duì)比法。
★記敘文
一般說(shuō)來(lái)有時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件、原因和結(jié)果六要素,寫(xiě)作時(shí)要明白清楚地給予表達(dá)。記人時(shí),要注意介紹人物的身世、經(jīng)歷和事跡等。敘事時(shí)要描寫(xiě)事情發(fā)生與發(fā)展的過(guò)程。
★應(yīng)用文
主要以寫(xiě)信為主。英文書(shū)信由6個(gè)部分組成。它們是信頭、信內(nèi)地址、稱(chēng)呼、正文、結(jié)束語(yǔ)、簽字。格式一定要正確。信的正文和寫(xiě)文章一樣,要分段寫(xiě),每一段有一個(gè)中心思想。
二、四步打造英語(yǔ)作文
Step1:確定文體
常用文體有記敘文、說(shuō)明文,還有應(yīng)用文如書(shū)信等。近幾年的高考書(shū)面表達(dá)多以應(yīng)用文為主,提供的形式多以圖畫(huà)、提綱、表格出現(xiàn),書(shū)寫(xiě)的格式大都是書(shū)信、通知。所以,考生還應(yīng)該掌握信的稱(chēng)呼、開(kāi)頭、正文、結(jié)尾、簽名等方面,另外,口頭通知和書(shū)面通知的不同要清楚?傊考生應(yīng)根據(jù)寫(xiě)作提示分析材料,確定文體,闖過(guò)先進(jìn)關(guān)。
Step2:確定時(shí)態(tài)和人稱(chēng)
考生要根據(jù)選好的文體和寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容確定時(shí)態(tài)。一般來(lái)說(shuō),記人敘事多用一般過(guò)去時(shí);發(fā)布通知多用一般將來(lái)時(shí)和祈使句式;發(fā)表議論大多用帶有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí);人物介紹、現(xiàn)狀說(shuō)明常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。定準(zhǔn)時(shí)態(tài)后接下來(lái)一定要知道各時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成及用法要點(diǎn),但要記住,寫(xiě)作時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)并不惟一,要依據(jù)表達(dá)內(nèi)容而選定。
Step3:確定所需主要詞匯和所用表達(dá)結(jié)構(gòu)
在以上“兩確定”的基礎(chǔ)上,應(yīng)該根據(jù)文章體裁和內(nèi)容逐個(gè)地確定寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)。對(duì)于圖畫(huà)和圖表可在草稿紙上用中文列出。理清要點(diǎn),然后選詞造句,對(duì)列出的要點(diǎn)逐一翻譯。這時(shí)要注意力求語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確得當(dāng)。平時(shí)寫(xiě)作要多進(jìn)行發(fā)散思維,如是用very sorry還是terribly sorry;是surprised還是astonished。同時(shí)考生應(yīng)學(xué)會(huì)盡可能使用較高級(jí)的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯,如非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、復(fù)合句等。較大限度地優(yōu)秀文章。
Step4:整理成篇 行文連貫
接下來(lái)要根據(jù)內(nèi)容分清文章的層次,確定詳略,將寫(xiě)好的單句要重新排列組合起來(lái),使之前后連貫成一篇完整的文章。同時(shí)選用恰當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)聯(lián)詞使文章過(guò)渡自然,行文流暢。另外,根據(jù)內(nèi)容編排,該分段時(shí)要分段,使表達(dá)清楚,一目了然。行云流水,整齊劃一,闖過(guò)寫(xiě)作第四關(guān)。
三、作文模板
1.圖表作文模板
as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table(graph/picture/pie/chart), __作文題目的議題__ has been on rise/ decrease(goes up/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from__ in __ to __ in __. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that __.
There are at least two good reasons accounting for __. On the one hand, __. On the other hand, __ is due to the fact that __.In addition, __ is responsible for __.Maybe there are some other reasons to show __.But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.
As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that __. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
2.議論文模板
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文題目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 觀點(diǎn)一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___觀點(diǎn)一_____.
People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___觀點(diǎn)二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand, ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___觀點(diǎn)二______.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __觀點(diǎn)一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
3.應(yīng)用文(申請(qǐng)信)模板
Your address
Month, Date, year
Receiver's address
Dear ...,
I am extremely pleased to hear from you./ to see your advertisement for the position in .... And I would like to write a letter to tell you that.../ I am confident that I am suitable for the kind of the job you are advertising.
.../ I feel I am competent to meet the requirements you have listed. On the one hand, .... On the other hand, .... I am enclosing my resume for your kind consideration and reference.
I shall be much obliged if you will offer me a precious opportunity to an interview. I will greatly appreciate a response from you at your earliest convenience/ I am looking forward to your replies at your earliest convenience.
Best regards for your health and success.
Sincerely yours,
X X X
離高考沒(méi)幾天了,熟記一些模板也能起到事半功倍的效果,有備無(wú)患嘛!
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