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高考英語語法詳解:非謂語動詞

2010-06-01 14:34:17  來源:網(wǎng)絡資源

  非謂語動詞是英語中一個重要的語法點,也是一個難點。非謂語動詞按傳統(tǒng)語法分類,有不定式、動名詞和分詞。對非謂語動詞在某些方面所具有的相同的語法功能作一番比較,尤其是從它們的內(nèi)涵上進行區(qū)分是很有必要的。這里從他們的成分不同進行詳細講解:

 

  一、作主語


  1.動名詞和不定式都可以作主語,兩者所表達的意思是一樣的。例如:


  To see is to believe.


  Seeing is believing.


  不過,使用動名詞時,通常暗示說話者曾經(jīng)做過某事,有過某種體會,使用不定式時,可能僅表示說話者的看法。試比較:


  Going to college was difficult for me.


  上大學對我來說是困難的。(說話者曾考過大學,固有此體會)


  To go to college is difficult.


  上大學是困難的。(說話者僅僅提出看法)


  2.動名詞短語和不定式短語都可以it用作形式主語,而把真正的主語,即動名詞短語和不定式短語放在后面,一般可以互換。例如:


  It takes half an hour for me to go from here to my home.


  It takes half an hour my going from here to my home.


  一般來說,在此類句子中用不定式作真正主語的比較多,而動名詞作真正主語的請況,常見于no good,no use(或useless),worthwhile,a waste.dangerous....等詞作表語的句子中。例如:


  It is no good your waiting here.


  It is no use asking him about it.


  It is worthwhile learning another language.


  It's a waste of time arguing about it.


  It's dangerous playing with fire.


  3.動名詞能在There is no....否定結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語。例如:


  There is no joking about such a serious matter.


  There is no knowing whether he will agree to our plan.


  在上述句型中,動名詞不能帶邏輯主語,也不能與不定式替換,如不能說:


  There is no your joking with him.或There is no to joke with him.


  4.在疑問句中,句首總用動名詞,而不用不定式。例如:


  Does our saying that mean anything to him?


  Is his saying true?


  二、作表語


  1.動名詞和不定式都可以作表語,正象它們作主語一樣,很難說出它們之間嚴格的語義差別,可以互換。一般而言,在表示比較抽象的一般行為,多用動名詞,在表示具體某動作,特別是將來的動作時,多用不定式。例如:


  Our duty is serving the people heart and soul.


  This is foe him to decide.


  His wish is to be a doctor.


  2.分詞也可作表語,此時分詞相當于形容詞,因此分詞不能代之以動名詞或不定式。例如:


  The news was exciting.


  The time is pressing.


  動名詞和不定式做表語時,起名詞的作用。因此可以和主語換位,而分詞作表語時,起形容詞的作用,不能和主語換位。例如:我們能將"Our duty is serving the people heart and soul."換為"Serving the people heart and soul is our duty."但是我們不能把"The time is pressing."換成"Pressing is the time."


  3.主語如果是動名詞,則表語也用動名詞,主語如果是不定式,表語也用不定式,不能交叉。(僅指同時使用動名詞或不定式作主語和表語的情況)。例如:


  Seeing is beliving.或To see is to belive


  而不能說Seeing is to belive. 或To see is beliving.


  4.分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞,都能作表語,但現(xiàn)在分詞作表語多表示主語所具有的特征(A),過去分詞多表示主語所處的狀態(tài)(B)。例如:


  (A)The news is very surprising.


  The situation is encouraging.


  The food smells inviting.


  (B)My brother is quit interested in maths.


  She looked disappointed.


  5.動詞“be+過去分詞”這個結(jié)構(gòu)有時可能是be+ 表語,有時可能是被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)。這兩者的主要區(qū)別是:帶表語的結(jié)構(gòu)表示主語的特征或所處的狀態(tài),被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)僅表示一個動作。例如:


  The library is niw closed.


  The library is usually closed at six.


  The house is surrounded with trees.


  The enemy was soon surranded by us.


  6.動詞 “be+現(xiàn)在分詞”這個結(jié)構(gòu),有時可能是be+表語,有時可能是謂語動詞進行體結(jié)構(gòu)。這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)的主要區(qū)別是:帶表語的結(jié)構(gòu)表示主語的特征或補充說明主語的內(nèi)容(A),謂語動詞進行體結(jié)構(gòu)僅說明主語正在進行的動作(B)。例如:


  (A)His hobby is collecting stamps.


  The earth is spinning round all the time.


  (B)He is collecting stamps.


  I was doing morning exercises at 7:00 this morning.


  7.值得注意的是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)做表語時通常帶to ,但在主語部分具有一個動作動詞do時,不定式也可省略to。這個do可以是限定動詞形式,也可以是非限定動詞形式,而且不論什么時體形式都可以。例如:


  All I did was empty the bottle.


  All you do is talk about cars.


  All she seems to do is gossip with the neighbours.


  The only thing I can do now is go on by himself.


  What I really wanted to do was drive all night.


  (但what引導的主語從句中,如果do是進行體形式,則表語必須用動名詞。例如:


  What he's dong is spoiling the whole thing.)


  三、作賓語


  動名詞和不定式均可以在一些動詞后面作賓語,但有兩種情況:


  (一)在某些動詞后只能接不定式,如:wish,decide,hope,refuse,want,agree,care,choose等,或只能接動名詞作賓語,如:finish,enjoy,mind,suggest,practise,keep,avoid等,還有些動詞詞組,如:keep on,go on,cannot help 等。


  (二)在有些動詞,如:begin,start,continue,attempt,intend,plan,need,want,


  require,desire,cannot help,leave off,hate,try,like,love,prefer,propose,mean,


  remember,forget,stop,go on等后面既可以用不定式作賓語(個別例外),也可以用動名詞,視具體情況比較如下:


  1.一般說來begin,start,continue后面跟動名詞還是不定式?jīng)]有什么區(qū)別。但是know,


  understand,see,realize, recognize等表示知覺的詞作賓語時,只能用不定式。例如:


  He began to understand the importance of combining theory with practice.


  He began to realize his mistakes.


  2.love,like,hate,prefer后面跟動名詞多表示習慣和經(jīng)常性的動作,跟不定式多表示一次具體的動作。


  例如:


  I like swimming.


  He prefers to walk rather than ride in a bus.


  3.在下列情況下要用不定式。


  (A)在would like (love,hate,prefer)后表示一個特定的新動作,或Would you like...?的句型時。例如:


  I'd hate to work with him.


  Would you like to go with me?


  (B)當謂語動詞已用于進行體時。例如:


  It's beginning to rain.


  I'm starting to work on my essay .


  We are proposing to start at eight.


  4.在remember,forget,regre后面跟動名詞與不定式意義不同。跟動名詞時,說明動名詞的動作先于謂語的動作,跟不定式時,指不定式動作后于謂語動詞的動作。例如:


  I remember posting the letter.


  Don't forget to remind him of this afternoon's meeting.


  I'll remember to bring it back.


  I regret to say that he can't come to help you.


  I regretted saying this.


  5.在need,want之后,用動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義,或用不定式的被動態(tài),意義并無差別,但用動名詞較為普遍。例如:


  The radio needs repairing.或The radio needs to be repaired.


  The shoes want mending. 或The shoes want to be mended.


  He needs to look after.(=He needs to be looked after.)


  *rewuire,deserve也能這樣用,但不及 need,want普遍。例如:


  His letter requires answering to be answered immediately.


  The little boy deserves rewarding to be rewarded.


  6.在attempt,intend,plan等動詞后用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)比用動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)多見。例如:


  Don't attempt to do (doing) it by yourself.


  She didn't intend to pay (paying) the bill this month.


  Mr Smith planned to take (taking) a holiday abroad.


  7.在try,cannot help,propose,mean,stop,leave off,go on后用動名詞還是不定式取決于它們本身的含義和用法。試比較如下:


  (1)He tried to write better.


  He tried writing with a brush.


  (2)I couldn't help finishing it.


  I couldn't help to finish it.


  (3)I propose to leave for Shanghai at the beginning of next month.


  He proposed putting off the discussion.


  (4)I mean to get there before sunset.


  We know that learning a language does not mean just working in a class.


  (5)They stopped talking.


  They stopped to talk.


  (6)They left off finishing.


  They left off to fish.


  (7)He went on explaining the text.


  He went on to tell a story about Einstein.


  四、用it作形式賓語


  動名詞(或復合結(jié)構(gòu))和不定式(或復合結(jié)構(gòu))在某些動詞,如:find,consider,think,


  count,know,believe,judge,imagine,feel,guess,prove,make,realize,see,understand,take,suppose 后作賓語尚需要一個形容詞(或名詞)作賓語補足語,意思才能完整,此時要用it作形式賓語,而動名詞(或復合結(jié)構(gòu))或不定式(或復合結(jié)構(gòu))則在它的補語后面出現(xiàn)。


  1.一般說來,使用動名詞和不定式,其意義一樣,但在表示抽象的一般行為時,多用動名詞。而表示某一次行為,特別是將來的行為時,多用不定式。例如:


  He found it necessary (for him) to work hard at English.


  We consider it wrong knowing him.


  *不過使用動名詞遠不及不定式普遍。


  2.當賓語不足語是no good,no use,no help,useless,dangerous,no sense,senseless,


  waste等時,真正的賓語多為動名詞。例如:


  I think it no good talking again about it.


  I find it a waste of time watching TV all night.


  3.動名詞比較短的時候,能有兩種形式。即可用it作它的形式賓語,也可直接用動名詞做賓語,但不定式只能用it作它的形式賓語。例如:


  We consider meeting her foolish.


  *如果改成不定式結(jié)構(gòu),就只能用后一種形式。


  We cosider it foolish to meet her.


  只是在think或 see與形容詞 fit組成的固定詞組 think fit,see fit中,兩者不能分開,不定式做賓語時,才不使用引導詞it。例如:


  The government thought fit to raise the prices of some foods.


  We must wait until he sees fit to join us.

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