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形容詞(1)
1.形容詞的位置：
代名形容詞+數(shù)量形容詞+性狀形容詞+名詞
再細(xì)分如下：
1放在冠詞前的形容詞(all， both， such…)+2冠詞、指示形容詞、所有形容詞、不定形容詞(the， a， an， this， that， your， some， any…)+3序數(shù)(first， second…)+4基數(shù)(one， two…)+5性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)(kind， fine， good…)+6大小、長短、形狀(large， small， big…)+7新舊、溫度(old， new， hot…)+8顏色(red， blue…)+9國籍(Chinese， English， Japanese…)+10材料(iron， brick， stone…)+11名詞、動名詞(boy， house…)
2.some和any的用法：
(1)兩者修飾可數(shù)單數(shù)名詞，表某一個;任何一個; 修飾可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，表一些;有些。
〔2)一般的用法：some用于肯定句;any用于疑問句，否定句或條件句。
I am looking for some matches.
Do you have any matches? I do not have any matches.
(3)特殊的用法：
(A)在期望對方肯定的回答時，問句也用some。
Will you lend me some money? (=Please lend me some money.)
(B)any表任何或任何一個時，也可用于肯定句。
Come any day you like.
(4)some和any后沒有名詞時，當(dāng)做代名詞， 此外兩者也可做副詞。
Some of them are my students.〔代名詞)
Is your mother any better?(副詞)
3.many和much的用法：
(1)many修飾復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，表許多; much修飾不可數(shù)名詞，表量或程度。
He has many friends， but few true ones.
There hasn‘t been much good weather recently.
(2)many a：
many a和many同義，但語氣比較強(qiáng)，并且要與單數(shù)名詞及單數(shù)形動詞連用。
Many a prisoner has been set free. (=Many prisoners have been set free.)
(3)as many和so many均等于the same number of。 前有as， like時， 只用so many。
These are not all the books I have. These are as many more upstairs.
They worked like so many ants.
(4)as much等于the same amount of， 表同量和同一事情。
He bought two pounds of sugar and as much tea. 〔同量)
I was not in the least surprised， for I had fully expected as much. 〔同一事情)
(5)many和much之后不接名詞時，作為代名詞;另外much也可用副詞。
Many of them were very tired.
I don’t eat much for lunch. 〔代名詞)
He is much taller than I. (副詞〕
4. (a) few和(a) little的用法：
(1)(a) few用在復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞之前，(a)little用在不可數(shù)名詞之前。
He took a few biscuits. (=several)
He took few biscuits(=not many)
He took a little butter. (=some)
He took little butter. (=not much)
(2)few可由bardly any或almost no所取代，含否定的意味。
The composition is well written; it has few (=hardly any) mistakes.
Few (=Almost no) men can solve it.
(3)a few相當(dāng)于some， several， 含肯定的意味。
He has a few (=some or several) friends.
(4)a little和little之間的差別，就和a few和few的差別一樣，只是(a) little須修飾不可數(shù)名詞，表量或程度。
He grows worse; there is little hope of his recovery.
He is not much better， but there is a little hope.
5.其他的數(shù)量形容詞：
(1)plenty of， a lot of， lots of均表許多，修飾復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞。
The room contained plenty of (or a lot of or lots of) students.(復(fù)數(shù)名詞)
The room contained plenty of (or a lot of or lots of) furniture.(不可數(shù)名詞)
(2)a great (or a good) deal of， a large (or a small) quantity of， a large (or a small) amount of， 均表(量)， 修飾不可數(shù)名詞。
The room contained a great deal of furniture. (不可數(shù)名詞)
The room contained a good deal of furniture. (不可數(shù)名詞)
The room contained a large quantity of furniture. (不可數(shù)名詞)
The room contained a large amount of furniture. (不可數(shù)名詞)
The room contained a small quantity of furniture. (不可數(shù)名詞)
The room contained a small amount of furniture. (不可數(shù)名詞)
(3)a number of “許多;一些”;a great (large， good) number of “許多”，修飾復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，并且要與復(fù)數(shù)動詞連用。
A number of books are missing from the library.
The number of books from the library is large.
(the number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞←→單數(shù)動詞)
The room contained a great (or large or good) number of students.(復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞)
(4)enough的用法：
(A)可接復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。
There are enough chairs. (可數(shù))
There is enough furniture. (不可數(shù))
(B)可放在年修飾名詞的前后。
We don‘t have enough time. =We don’t have time enough.
(5)hundreds of， dozens of， thousands of， scores of +復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
冠詞或數(shù)詞(one， two…) + (hundred， dozen， thousand， score) 復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
(6)the rest of “其余的”， 可接復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞，作主詞時，接可數(shù)名詞則用復(fù)數(shù)動詞，接不可數(shù)名詞則用單數(shù)動詞。
The rest of the students are absent. (復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞)
The rest of the water was thrown away. 不可數(shù)名詞)
注：the rest作代名詞， 等于 the others， 和復(fù)數(shù)動詞連用。
6. 不可名詞量的表示語：
(1)不可數(shù)名詞可加表單位的形容片語，表示數(shù)的觀念。其公式為：
數(shù)詞+單位詞+of+不可數(shù)名詞
(2)各類表單位的形容詞片語。
(A)物質(zhì)名詞：
a piece (suit) of armour;
a piece (slice) of cake;
a piece (an article) of furniture;
a piece of jewelry;
a piece (sheet) of paper;
a cake of soap;
a piece (slice) of bacon;
a piece (stick) of chalk;
a bit (blade) of grass;
a piece (strip) of land;
a bit (grain) of rice;
a bowl of soup;
(B)抽象名詞
a word of abuse;
an item (a bit) of business;
an attack of fever;
a bit (an amount) of interest;
a fit of passion;
a piece (word) of advice;
a piece of evidence;
a piece (an item) of information;
a piece (an item) of news;
(C)自然現(xiàn)象：
a flash of lightening;
a bolt of thunder;
7.名詞種類的表示語：kind of， sort of， type of，
(1)三者都可接可數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞，其后的冠詞a (an)常被省略。
What kind of (a) pencil did you buy?
I don‘t like that sort of game.
(2)kind of， sort of， type of之前可加a， the， some， any， etc.
I had a kind of suspicion that he was cheating.
(3)比較下列用法：(加*表非正式用法)
I don’t like this (*those) kind of person.
I don‘t like many (or these) kinds of roses.
I like this kind of flower.
I like flowers of this kind.
I like *these kind of flowers.
I like this kind of roses.
I like roses of this kind. (置名詞后更強(qiáng)調(diào)種類)
I like roses of these kinds.(置名詞后更強(qiáng)調(diào)種類)
8.數(shù)詞：
(1)基數(shù)(Cardinal numerals)：one， two， three…
(A)除one接單數(shù)名詞外，其余均接復(fù)數(shù)名詞。
He has one sister and three brothers.
(B)hundred的后面須加and(但可以省略)。
12，345 = twelve thousand three hundred (and) forty five;
(2)序數(shù)(Ordinal mumerals)：first， second， third…
(A)序數(shù)前面必須附以定冠詞。而a second， a third等，則是another的意思。
(B)日期多用序數(shù)。
It’s on Friday， the fifth of October (= October the fifth = October 15th)。
(C)序數(shù)的簡體。
9th = the ninth; 12th = the twelfth; 16th = the sixteenth;
(3)分?jǐn)?shù)：
(A)分?jǐn)?shù)的表示法：先進(jìn)，分子用基數(shù)，分母用序數(shù)。第二，分子大于2時，分母須加“s”以形成復(fù)數(shù)。
1/2 = a (one) half; 1/3 = a (one) third; 2/3 = two-thirds; 1/4 = a (one) quarter;
(B)分?jǐn)?shù)可接與不可數(shù)名詞;所接的名詞是單數(shù)，則與單數(shù)動詞連用，是復(fù)數(shù)則與復(fù)數(shù)動詞連用。
A third of the peach was bad.
A third of the bananas were bad.
(4)倍數(shù)詞：常用的有half， double， treble(三倍)等。
(A)half a， a half， half the +名詞，表(一半的)。
He ran a half mile in half an hour.
He ran half a mile in half an hour.
I have read half the book.
(B)half還可作名詞，代名詞及副詞。
Two halves make a whole. (名詞)
This is half as much again as that. (副詞)
(C)倍數(shù)常用的表達(dá)法：
(half; double; treble; twice; two times; three times; four times…) +定冠詞或所有形容詞+名詞或所有代名詞
I had to pay double (= twice) the usual fare.
That window is three times the size of this.
9. “數(shù)詞+名詞”結(jié)合而成的形容詞：
(1)數(shù)詞+名詞=形容詞
a five-dollar bill;
two three-hour periods;
the Three-power Conference(三強(qiáng)會議);
(2)數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞=形容詞
a six-year-old boy;
a three-hundred-year-old tree;
注：上述的復(fù)合字是以hyphen(-)連結(jié)，而且其中的名詞要用單數(shù)形式。
(3)名詞(無冠詞)+基數(shù)=the +序數(shù)+名詞
World War Ⅱ= World War Two or the Second World War;
Vol. Ⅰ= Volume One or the First Volume;
Page 4 = page four or the fourth page;
Lesson 6 = lesson Six or the Sixth Lesson;
Chap. Ⅲ = Chapter Three or the Third Chapter;
Charles Ⅰ= Charles the First;
cf. Napoleon the Great = the Great Napoleon;
這幾種用法，非專有名詞，可不用大寫，但等號兩邊須一致�！�
(4)“數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主詞，雖為復(fù)數(shù)形，但強(qiáng)調(diào)單一性，則用單數(shù)動詞。若強(qiáng)調(diào)一個一個的個別數(shù)，則用復(fù)數(shù)動詞。
Thirty minutes is sufficient for a good sermon.
Fifty dollars a month is a large sum in our eyes， but is nothing to him.
cf. Ten years have passed since I saw you last.
10. 各種數(shù)字的讀法：
(1)年號的讀法：
1979←→nineteen seventy-nine or nineteen hundred (and) seventy-nine;
(2)電話號碼;貨幣的讀法：
1023←→one o two three; 1227←→one double two (or two two) seven; $4.25←→four dollars (and) twenty-five (cents);
(3)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的讀法：
13.91←→thirteen decimal (point) nine one; 0.23 = nought demical two three;
(4)算術(shù)式的讀法：
2+3=5 Two plus three is (equals， is equal to) five.
5-3=2 Five minus three is equal to two.
3×2=6 Three times two is six. or Three by two are six.
9÷3=3 Nine divided by three makes three.
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